Questions
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C.
- Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from Section C.
SECTION A – (25 MARKS )
Answer all the questions from this section
- Identify one disadvantage of using electronics as a source of information on History and Government. (1mk)
- State two environmental factors that influenced the migration of the cushites into Kenya. (2mks)
- Give the reason why the Luo are referred to as the River Lake Nilotes. (1mk)
- Identify two conflict resolution methods used to settle disputes during the pre-colonial period. (2mks)
- Mention two written sources of History on the Kenyan Coast. (2mks)
- Mention any two Treaties that paved the way for the abolition of slave trade in Kenya. (2mks)
- Give one reason why the government of Kenya may limit a person’s freedom of speech. (1mk)
- Name the type of constitution used in Kenya. (1mk)
- Give the main reason why a Referendum is held. (1mk)
- Identify two pillars of the Nyayo Philosophy. (2mks)
- State two political challenges faced in Kenya between 1978-1982. (2mks)
- Mention one political party that was formed after the Second Lancaster House Conference. (1mk)
- Give two subordinate courts in Kenya. (2mks)
- Mention two arms of the National police service. (2mks)
- State one role played by the Ministry of Health to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya. (1mk)
- Define the term ‘Rule of Law’? (1mk)
- Name the officer who controls public finance in county National Governments. (1mk)
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
Answer three questions from this section
-
- Identify five social features that are similar between the Bantu and the Nilotes. (5mks)
- Discuss five impacts of the migration of the Borana into Kenya. (10mks)
-
- State three reasons why Africans were discouraged from growing cash crops upto 1939. (3mks)
- Discuss five economic activities introduced by the colonial government during the colonial period. (12mks)
-
- Identify five characteristics of early political organizations. (5mks)
- Discuss five challenges faced by independent churches and schools in Kenya. (10mks)
-
- Give three major reforms which resulted from the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954 in Kenya. (3mks)
- Explain six ways through which Thomas Joseph Mboya contributed to the struggle for independence in Kenya. (12mks)
SECTION C: ( 30 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section.
-
- Give five reasons for multi-party democracy in Kenya since 1991. (5mks)
- Explain five challenges of multiparty democracy in Kenya. (10mks)
-
- State five functions of the Cabinet in Kenya? (5mks)
- Discuss five challenges facing the Kenya Defence Forces. (10mks)
-
- Identify three factors considered while changing county boundaries in Kenya. (3mks)
- Explain six factors which undermines the provision of services by the county governments in Kenya. (10mks)
Marking Scheme
- Identify one disadvantage of using electronics as a source of information on History and Government. (1mk)
- The information may be biased
- The information may be exaggerated
- Use of electronic media maybe too expensive for studying History
- The information collected may be inaccurate
- Collecting/teaching of History using electronic sources requires electricity which may not be reliable/available
- Collecting of information is time consuming (1 x 1 = 1mks)
- State two environmental factors that influenced the migration of the cushites into Kenya. (2mks)
- Human and animal diseases prevalent in their areas led to migration to Kenya.
- The cushites moved to Kenya to escape from natural calamities e.g. floods, drought and famine, landslides.
- The cushites were searching for greener and fertile lands for their livestock and farming.
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Give the reason why the Luo are referred to as the River Lake Nilotes. (1mk)
- During their migration and settlement their lives were centred along rivers and lakes.(1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Identify two conflict resolution methods used to settle disputes during the pre-colonial period. (2mks)
- Mediation
- Arbitration
- Negotiation
- Religious action
- Conciliation
- Subjugation
- Use of elders (2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Mention two written sources of History on the Kenyan Coast. (2mks)
- Greek sources (periplus of the Enthrean sea) ‘Geography” by Claudio Ptolemy.)
- Roman sources e.g. natural history by Pling a Roman geographer
- Chinese sources e.g. Chao-Ja-Kua
- Indian sources e.g. Christian Topography of Cosmos Indico Pleatustes
- Arabic sources by Al-Idris , al-Masud and Ibn Battuta.
- African sources e.g. Swahili Chroricles and Kilwa chronicles.
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Mention any two Treaties that paved the way for the abolition of slave trade in Kenya. (2mks)
- Moresby treaty – 1822
- Hammerton Treaty - 1845
- The Frere Treaty – 1873 (2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Give one reason why the government of Kenya may limit a person’s freedom of speech. (1mk)
- If one publishes seditions documents or reveals government secret
- If one talks ill/against the president
- If one incites others against the government. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Name the type of constitution used in Kenya. (1mk)
- Written constitution (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Give the main reason why a Referendum is held. (1mk)
- For people to decide on constitutional issues by way of voting a YES or NO. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Identify two pillars of the Nyayo Philosophy. (2mks)
- Peace
- Love
- Unity (2 x 1 = 2mks)
- State two political challenges faced in Kenya between 1978-1982. (2mks)
- Death of the first president, Jomo Kenyata
- The existence of ethnic organizations
- The abortive coup of 1982 (2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Mention one political party that was formed after the Second Lancaster House Conference. (1mk)
- Kenya African National Union (KANU)
- Kenya African Democracy Union
- African Peoples Party (APP) 1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Give two subordinate courts in Kenya. (2mks)
- The magistrates’ court
- Tribunals courts
- Court martial
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Mention two arms of the National Police Service. (2mks)
- The Kenya police service
- The Administration police service. (2 x 1 = 2mks)
- State one role played by the Ministry of Health to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya. (1mk)
- They give subsidized ARVS
- They encourage people to know their status through free testing.
- Compulsory testing for expectant mothers.
- Screening of blood for donation
- Creating awareness on HIV/AIDS
- Teaching of HIV/AIDS in schools (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Define the term ‘Rule of Law’? (1mk)
- The supremacy of law/means that all people are equal to the law/all people are subject to lsaw1 x 1 = 1mk
- Name the officer who controls Public Finance in County and National Government.(1mk)
- The Controller of Budget. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
-
- Identify five social features that are similar between the Bantu and the Nilotes. (5mks)
- The family was the smallest social unit
- In both, there was belief in a supreme being.
- The two communities had special people who were highly respected e.g. priests, diviners, prophets, rainmakers.
- The two communities had special worshipping places/shrines.
- The Nilotes and the Bantus practiced ancestral worship.
- They offered prayers and sacrifices
- The two communities had special ceremonies to commemorate different activities e.g. wedding, funerals, harvests.
- The two held initiation ceremonies to mark full acceptance into their communities.
(5 x 1 = 5mks)
- Discuss five impacts of the migration of the Borana into Kenya. (10mks)
- Increase in population in the places they settled.
- Increased conflicts between them and the Bantus
- Redistribution of population intermarriage with their neighbours e.g. Samburu
- Cultural interaction
- Trade increased in the region with their neighbours
- Displacement of some communities e.g. the Bantus
- Assimilation and absorption of some communities.
(5 x 2 = 10mks)
- Identify five social features that are similar between the Bantu and the Nilotes. (5mks)
-
- Give three reasons why Africans were discouraged from growing cash crops upto 1939. (3mks)
- African grown coffee would be prone to diseases
- Africans lacked knowledge in coffee farming/low quality coffee from Africans
- African labour would not be available/ to maintain labour in the settler farms.
- Fear of competition to the market
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
- Discuss five economic activities introduced by the colonial government during the colonial period in Kenya. (12mks)
- Cash crop farming e.g. coffee, tea, pyrethrum
- Livestock keeping e.g. introducing exotic breads
- Mining exploited mining soda ash
- Transport and communication e.g. Railway
- Trade promotion of int’l trade, development of new currency
- Development of industries e.g. KCC, Unga Limited, Agro-based industries.
- New employment opportunities e.g. clerical jobs (6 x 2 = 12mks)
- Give three reasons why Africans were discouraged from growing cash crops upto 1939. (3mks)
-
- Identify five characteristics of early political organizations. (5mks)
- They were led by mission – educated young men
- They were ethnic based
- Asians gave both material and moral support to most of them.
- They did not attract very large membership
- Championed for better living conditions.
- They had similar grievances.
- They did not demand for independence
- They were non-violent or militant (5 x 1 = 5mks)
- Discuss five challenges faced by independent churches and schools in Kenya. (10mks)
- Harassment from missionaries and colonial government.
- They lacked adequate trained personnel
- Shortage of funds/inadequate funds
- Leadership wrangles
- Mission schools/churches competed with them for followers. (5 x 2 = 10mks)
- Identify five characteristics of early political organizations. (5mks)
-
- Give three major reforms which resulted from the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954 in Kenya. (3mks)
- It led to the establishment of a multi racial council of ministers made up of official and unofficial members.
- B.A. Ohanga was made minister of community development and African affairs.
- Africans were allowed to form political organizations whose functions were confined to district levels.
- The government provided for elections of eight Africans to the legislative council.
- It led to the establishment of an advisory council to discuss government policies.
- He joined AEMO and became its Secretary General. (3 x 1 = 3mks)
- Explain six ways through which Thomas Joseph Mboya contributed to the struggle for independence in Kenya. (12mks)
- He was a member of the Kenya local government workers union (KLGWU) and Kenya Federation of labour KFL.
- HE protested against colonial separation of the Agikuyu, Aembu and Ameru from the other communities in Nairobi.
- He was a member of KAU and became its Director of Information. He later became the Treasurer of the party.
- He protested against the restriction of Africans to grow cash crops.
- He solicited for financial and moral support to Kenya Federation of labour from international trade unions.
- He campaigned for the release of detained unionists and political leaders such as Jomo Kenyatta.
- He facilitated trade union education in many parts of Kenya.
- He was elected secretary general of KANU in 1960.
- He exposed African problems and sought for help from the Pan African Movement.
- He attended the 2nd Lancaster House Conference of 1962.
(6 x 2 = 12mks)
- Give three major reforms which resulted from the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954 in Kenya. (3mks)
-
- Give five reasons for multi-party democracy in Kenya since 1991. (5mks)
- Rampant corruption
- Developments in Eastern Europe
- Rigging of elections of 1988
- Multi – party success in other parts of Africa like Zambia/Togo
- Pressure from multilateral and bilateral donors
- Pressure from the church/clergy
- Pressure from the civil society, lawyers and intellectuals.
- Repeal of section 2A of the constitution reverting to multi-party democracy
(5 x 1 = 5mks)
- Explain five challenges of multiparty democracy in Kenya. (10mks)
- Ethnic clashes in some parts of the country which led to bloodshed in 1991 and 1997.
- Partiality of some civil servants in which they took sides in politics by allowing themselves to be used by the government and ruling party to frustrate the opposition.
- Ethnic based political parties which tended to divide the people along ethnic loyalties
- Weakening of political parties through defections under the influence as bribes of bribes by greedy politicians
- Monopoly of the government machinery by KANU e.g. police, KBC and other government resources which blocked the party way of democratization.
- Inadequate funds by many political patties due to lack of political funding thus many cannot compete favourably in politics and campaigns.
- Inadequate civic education among the citizenry. Thus don’t fully appreciate and take part in democratic processes.
- Political interference especially by the international community who take sides with certain political parties
- Compromising of voters through bribes during voting exercise.
- Harassment of the opposition parties by the police/government including denial of licenses to hold rallies, beatings and arrests.
- Leadership wrangles within and between parties which democratizes electorates and slows service delivery by the government.
- Ideological differences among parties and party leaders which inhibit democratization for example enactment of the New Constitution
(5 x 2 = 10mks)
- Give five reasons for multi-party democracy in Kenya since 1991. (5mks)
-
- State five functions of the Cabinet in Kenya? (5mks)
- Taking charge of the Cabinet office
- Keeping minutes of the cabinet
- Serving other functions as directed by the president
- Advice and assist the president in governing the country
- Discuss national and international issues with the president
- Formulation of policies and programmes of the government
- Initiating government bills
- Monitor/supervises the day to day running of their respective ministries
- Formulation of budgets for individual ministries.
- Explaining government policies to the people.
- Gender based discrimination in recruitment
- They have been involved in cases of indiscipline e.g. abortive coup
(5 x 1 = 5mks)
- Discuss five challenges facing the Kenya Defence Forces. (10mks)
- Corruption e.g. during recruitments and procurements.
- Issues of tribalism, regionalism and nepotism during promotions.
- Lack of enough funds to equip the forces
- Piracy and militia attacks and raids of the Kenyan borders.
- Invasion of Kenyan territorial waters by foreign fishermen.
- Political interference
- Majority are not provided with opportunity to further their education
- Location of the Moi Airbase at Eastleigh presents a challenge as the area is occupied by many ordinary citizens.
- Inadequate psychosocial support
- Allegations of violation of human rights
- Recruitment of officers with low grades
(5 x 2 = 10mks)
- State five functions of the Cabinet in Kenya? (5mks)
-
- Identify three factors considered while changing county boundaries in Kenya. (3mks)
- Population density and demographic trends
- Physical and human infrastructure
- Historical and cultural ties
- The cost of administration
- The views of the communities affected
- The objectives of devolution of government
- Geographical features e.g. Mara region, Mr. Kenya can’t be divided.
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
- Explain six factors which undermines the provision of services by the county governments in Kenya. (10mks)
- Inadequate sources of revenue
- Transfer of some functions which overlap between the National and County Governments e.g. education, health
- Inadequate funds e.g. for training human resource
- Policy and legal gaps in some areas need to be addressed e.g. more levels to be decentralized.
- Economies of scale – counties need to cooperate in areas of common interests e.g. building bridges; water resources.
- Restructuring especially of certain institutions e.g. provincial administration
- Underdeveloped transport and communication.
- Delay in remitting funds from the Nation Government.
- Some counties do not have adequate human, natural and financial resources leading to poor service delivery.
- Some counties are highly populated which strains the available resources.
- Leadership wrangles/rivalry.
- Natural calamities e.g. drought, floods calling for emergency relief assistance.
- Ethnicity/Nepotism in employment undermines efficiency.
- Duplication of roles with the national government.
- Conflicts over common resources e.g. dams
(5 x 2 = 12mks)
- Identify three factors considered while changing county boundaries in Kenya. (3mks)
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