GEOGRAPHY Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Past Papers

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SECTION A

Answer all the questions in this section.

1. State three conditions that are necessary for the formation of petroleum.(3 marks)
2. Give two by-products of petroleum.(2 marks)
1. Define Agriculture.(2 marks)
2. Give three social factors which influence agriculture.(3 marks)
1. Apart from draining of swamps, give three other methods through which land has been reclaimed in Kenya.(3 marks)
2. Identify two methods that are used to drain swamps in Kenya. (2 marks)
State four ways in which bush fires negatively affect wildlife in East Africa. (4 marks)
1. Give three factors that favour the establishment of National Parks in the semi-arid areas of Kenya.(3 marks)
2. State ways in which ecotourism has led to sustainable tourism industry in Kenya. (3 marks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

The sales (in tonnes) of selected crops grown in Kenya between 2015 and 2017 are represented in the table below. Use it to answer questions (a) and (b) (i).

CROP 2015 2016 2017 ΤΟΤΑΙ,

TEA 399,200 473,000 439,900 1,312,100

MAIZE 295.300 265,800 239.200 800,300

WHEAT 227.300 215,900 156,900 600,100
1. 1. Calculate the percentage decrease in sales of wheat between the years 2015 and 2017.(2 marks)
  2. Give four reasons that may have led to the decrease in wheat sales between 2015 and 2017. (4 marks)
2. 1. Draw a pie chart to represent the data on selected crops sales shown on the table above. Show your calculations. (7 marks)
  2. Give three advantages of using a pie chart to represent geographical data. (3 marks)
3. 1. Name three counties in Kenya where wheat is grown on large scale. (3 marks)
  2. Explain three physical conditions that favour wheat growing in Kenya. (6 marks)
1. Name two categories of inland fresh water fisheries in East Africa. (2 marks)
2. The map below shows some major fishing grounds of the world. Use it to answer questions 7(b) (i) and (ii).
  1. Identify the shaded fishing grounds marked F and G. (2marks)
  2. Explain three physical conditions that favour fishing in the ground marked G. (6 marks)
3. 1. Name two fishing methods used in small scale fishing in Kenya.(2 marks)
  2. Describe how the trawling method is used in fishing.(5 marks)
4. Explain four ways in which fresh water fisheries are conserved in Kenya. (8 marks)
1. 1. Identify three renewable sources of energy.(3 marks)
  2. State five disadvantages of using coal as a form of energy. (5 marks)
2. 1. What is energy crisis? (2 marks)
  2. Explain four ways in which energy crisis affects the economy of Kenya. (8 marks)
3. Some students carried out a field study on uses of energy by sampling the households around their school.
  1. State three reasons why the students would be divided into groups. (3 marks)
  2. Identify two sampling techniques that the students may have used during the field study. (2 marks)
  3. Give two advantages of sampling the households for the study. (2 marks)
1. 1. Give three examples of agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya. (3 marks)
  2. State five ways in which government policy influences location of industries in Kenya. (5 marks)
2. 1. Give five characteristics of the cottage industry in India.(5 marks)
  2. Explain three problems facing Jua Kali industries in Kenya. (6 marks)
3. You intend to carry out a field study in an industry within the local environment.
  1. Give two sources of secondary data you will refer to before conducting the field study. (2 marks)
  2. Identify four benefits of the industry to the local community that you are likely to find out during the study.(4 marks)
1. 1. What is transport? (2 marks)
  2. Name two international airports in Kenya. (2 marks)
  3. Give four advantages of air transport over road transport. (4 marks)
2. State five benefits that would result from improving the conditions of roads in rural areas of Kenya. (5 marks)
  The sketch map below shows the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Use it to answer question (c).
3. Name:
  1. the lake marked J. (1 mark)
  2. the river marked K. (1 mark)
  3. the ports marked L and M. (2 marks)
4. Explain four ways in which the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway has contributed to the economies of United States of America and Canada (8 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1. State three conditions that are necessary for, the formation of petroleum.
  1. Deposition of remains of flora and faunal over a long period of time
  2. Presence of non-porous rocks underneath the deposits of flora and fauna
  3. Deposition of other layers of rocks over the remains of flora and fauna
  4. Compression of the remains of flora and fauna due to folding of the layers of the rocks
  5. Presence of porous rocks
  6. Presence of sedimentary rocks (3marks)
2. Give two by-products of petroleum ,
  1. LubricantsGyeese
  2. Tar/Bitumen/Asphalt
  3. Wax /Parafin wax
  4. Sulphur
  5. Resin/petro-chemicals Any 2 x 1=2 marks
1. Define Agriculture.
  - Agriculture is the practice of cultivating crops and rearing of animals. (2marks)
2. Give three social factors which influence agriculture.
  - Land tenure system/ Land Ownership/land inheritance.
  - Religious beliefs practices
  - Cultural beliefs/practices/traditions
  - Level of education
  - Gender roler
  - Interaction between people leads to adoption of mnew foods/farming techniques
    Any 3x1-3 marks
1. Apart from draining of swamps, give three other methods through which land has been reclaimed in Kenya.
  - Irrigation
  - Tsetse fly control
  - Use of manure/ fertilizers
  - Planting of trees Afforestation
  - Flood control
  - Controlling soil erosion
  - introducing drought resistant Crops (3marks)
2. Identify two methods that are used to drain swamps in Kenya
  - Constructing drainage pipes'
  - Digging open ditches/canals
  - Pumping out the
  - Planting treer/Encalyptus/Vegetation Banana 2 marks
State four ways in which bush fires negatively affect wildlife in East Africa.
- The fires destroy the habitats of animals injured
- Animals/plants are destroyed killed/damaged by the bush fire
- Fires lead to reduction of food for animals
- The fires pollute the environment/water resources
- Fires lead to migration of wild animals to other places/farmlands
- Fire interrupt the ecosystems Any 4 x 14 marks
1. Give three factors that favour the establishment of National Parks in the semi-arid areas of Kenya.
  - Availability of large tracts of sparsely populated land
  - Availability of a wide variety of vegetation which provide food for the wild animals
  - The harsh climatic condition that discourage farming and settlement/makes wildlife conservation the best alternative use
  - The type of vegetation found in such areas provide suitable habitat for wild animals
    Any 3 x 1 =3 marks
2. State ways in which ecotourism has led to sustainable tourism industry in Kenya.
  - Conservation of the environment/preservation of scenic beauty
  - Respect of rights and active partnership with stakeholders
  - Equitable distribution of benefits accrued for tourism
  - Respect/safeguarding of local customs/culture
  - Harmonious development of tourism sector alongside other economic sectors Any 3x1-3 marks

SECTION B

The table below shows sales of selected crops in tonnes, grown inKenya between years 2015 to 2017. Use it to answer question (a) and b(.ii)

Crop 2015 2016 2017 Total

Tea 399 200 473 000 439 900 1,312,100

Maize 295 300 265 800 239 200 800,300

Wheat 227 300 215 900 156 900 600,100

Source: Economic Survey of Kenya, 2018
1. Calculate the percentage decrease in sales of wheat between the years
  1. 2015 and 2017
    227 300-156 900
    70400 -x100%
    227300
    30.97% Any 2x1-2/marks 2
  2. Give four reasons that may have led to the decrease in wheat sales between 2015 and 2017.
    - Low production of wheat due to climate change/pests and diseases/infertile/soils
    - Low payments/price fluctuations
    - Availability of cheap wheat imports
    - Inadequate market due to inadequate wheat consumption
    - Competition from other grains/food ・ Any 4 x 1 =4marks
2. 1. Draw a pie chart to represent the data on selected crops sales shown on the table above. Show your calculations.
    
    A PIE CHART REPRESENTING TOTAL CROP SALES FOR SELECTED CROPS IN KENYA BETWEEN 2015 TO 2017
    
    Calculations
    Tea=^1312100/_2712500x360° 174°
    Maize =⁸⁰⁰³⁰⁰/_2712500x360°=106°
    Wheat=⁶⁰⁰¹⁰⁰/_2712500x360° 80° Total 7 marks
  2. Give three advantages of using a pie chart to represent Geographical data.
    - It is simple to construct
    - It is easy to compare various components within a circle as they are all represented by angles
    - Gives clear visual impression of individual components
    - Makes it easy to assess the proportions of individual components as related to the whole by reading their respective angles
    - It can be used to represent a wide ,range of data Any3x1=3 marks
3. 1. Name three counties in Kenya where wheat is grown on large scale.
    - Uasin Gishu
    - Nyandarua"
    - Narok
    - Nakuru
    - Laikipia
    - Meru
    - Trans-nzoian
    - Elgeyo Marakuet Any 3 x 13 marks
  2. Explain three physical conditions that favour wheat growing in Kenya.
    - Moderate rainfall 500 mm to 1270 mm to enhance the growth of Wheat
    - Temperatures ranging from 15°C to 20°C/warm conditions to facilitate growth/maturity of wheat
    - A warm/dry/sungry spell for ripening and harvesting
    - Fertile volcanic soils to sustain high production
    - Gently sloping undulating landscape to allow proper drainage/mechanized cultivation
    - Well drained fork to enhance high production.
    - High altitude of 1500-2500m to reduce disease incidence Any 3x2-6 marks
1. Name two categories of inland fresh water fisheries in East Africa.
  - Fresh water lakes" es / Lakes/Reservoirs
  - Rivers
  - Fish ponds
  - Swamps Any 2 x 12 marks
2. The map below shows some major fishing grounds of the world. Use it to answer questions b (i) and (ii).
  1. Identify the fishing grounds marked F and G
    F- North East Atlantic
    G- North West Pacific 2x1=2 marks
  2. Explain three physical conditions that favour fishing in the ground marked G.
    - Highly indented Coastline which provides suitable breeding grounds for fish/suitable sites for the fish ports/villages
    - Convergence of warm Oyashio and cold Kuroshio currents provide cool temperature suitable for fish/upwelling of water which brings minerals/fish food close to the surface/ well oxygenated waters.
    - Shallow/broad continental shelf which provide favourable elimatic conditions for growth of planktons/contain large quantities of fish for commercial investment/exploitation)
    - The rugged/mountainous landscape limits agricultural development therefore people practice fishing as an alternative source of Food/earnings
    - Cool water favour survival of numerous fish species
3. 1. Name two methods used in small scale fishing in Kenya.
    - Harpooning/use of spears
    - Use of gill nets
    - Use of herbs
    - Use of barrier traps
    - Use of baskets
    - Use of hand lines hookand line
    - Lamp and net/lampara Any 2 x1=2marks
  2. Describe how trawling method is used in fishing.
    - A bag shaped net is attached to a trawler/ship
    - The net is cast into water by the trawler
    - The net's mouth is kept open by otter boards/head-beams
    - The upper part of the net is kept afloat by corks floats
    - weights are used to keep the lower parts of the net at the sea bed
    - Trawler drag the net along the sea bed
    - After sufficient fish has been caught, the net is hauled into the trawler to empty the fish
      Any 5 x 15 marks
4. Explain four ways in which fresh water fisheries are being conserved in Kenya.
  - Restricting the disposal of untreated wastes into the fisheries to ensure that water remain clean for survival of fish
  - Restricting fishing to specific seasons to allow for breeding and maturing of fish
  - Breeding fingerlings to restock overfished areas
  - Standardizing the mesh/net hole size of nets used in fishing to ensure that only the mature fish are caught
  - Limiting the number of fishermen through issuance of licenses
  - Fish farming is being encouraged to ensure that there is sufficient supply of fish from other sources other than the natural fisheries.
  - Carrying out resaerch to improve quality of fish
1. 1. Identify three renewable sources of energy.
    - Sun
    - Wind
    - Water✓
    - Waves/tides
    - Geothermal steam
    - Biomass✓
    - Wood/trees.
    - Drought ammals! Any 3x 28 marks
  2. State five disadvantages of using coal as a form of energy.
    - Coal is exhaustible/non-renewable form of energy
    - Coal is bulky to transport
    - Soot/smoke from coal pollutes environment
    - Coal has low calorific value
    - Coal excavation lead to degradation of the environment / pollute environment
    - Coal is dirty/dusty-
    - It is expensive to mine
    - It is radioactive 5×1=5marks
2. 1. What is energy crisis?
    - It refers to a situation where the prices of fossil fuel rise sharply as a result of short supply relative to demand. 1x2 = 2 marks
  2. Explain four ways in which energy crisis affects the economy of Kenya.
    - Increase in oil prices triggers increase in prices of commodities/inflation leading to low. standards of living/high cost of al prices leads to rise in cast of living
    - Increase in prices of crude makes Kenya spend a lot of foreign exchange in importation lowering foreign currency reserves/brings about imbalance of trade/slows down the rate of economic growth.
    - Increase in oil prices leads to high cost of production leading to slow industrial growth
    - Oil scarcity leads to scarcity of by-products of oil leading the scarcity of raw materials in some industries
    - Increase in fuel prices leads to an increase in transport costs
    - Increase in oil prices leads to a rise in costs nfor farm inputs hence low agricutural production
    - Increase in oil prices leads to high demand for wood fuel leading to deforestation.
    - Increase in oil prices leads to development of alternative sources of energy to reduce overdependence.
    - Increase in prices has triggered prospecting/drilling of oil to ease the negative impact of crisis. Any 4x2= 8 marks
3. Some candidates carried out a field study on uses of energy by sampling the households around their school.
  1. State three reasons why the students would be divided into groups.
    - To ensure active participation of all students
    - To save time since different areas are covered at the same time
    - To ensure that all areas are covered if the area under study was large.
    - For easy control and management of students/maintain discipline of students
    - To reduce fatigue among students
    - For effective use of available learning resources V
    - To ease Congestion/Overcrowding in the area of visit.
    - To promote teamwork. Any 3 x 13 marks
  2. Identify two sampling techniques that the students may have used during the study
    - Stratified
    - Random
    - Systematic Any 2 x 12 marks
  3. Give two advantages of sampling the households for the study
    - To save time
    - To reduce bias"
    - To allow for detailed study
    - To reduce costs. 2x12 marks
1. 1. Give three examples of Agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya.
    - Textile/clothing production/ Coffon processing
    - Sisal fibre making
    - Leather tanning/footwear making.
    - Wood processing/lumbering/paper manufacturing
    - Pyrethrum processing
    - Beeswax processing
    - Tobacco processing/cigarette making
    - Soap making
    - Glue making Any 3x1-3 marks
  2. State five ways in which the government policy influences location of industries in Kenya
    - Legislating industrial laws that restrict industrial location to given areas
    - Offering special concessions/financial support to industrialists towards industrial locations
    - Developing roads/railway lines/airports/that attracts industries to a given area
    - Developing of sources of power/hydroelectric power/geothermal
    - Providing security in areas where industries are meant to be established/located
    - Government may set aside land for the location of certain industries
    - Government may provide technical support/advise on industrial locations
    - Signing industrial locational agreements with other countries
    - The governement mai influence the decentralisation of industries.( Any5marks)
2. 1. Give five characteristics of the cottage industry in India.
    - Raw materials/are mainly locally sourced/locally available recycled
    - Simple tools/equipment are largely used in production
    - The level of capital investment is relatively low requires little capital
    - Workshops are widespread/located in homes
    - Industries are owned by individuals/family/groups
    - The finished products are relatively cheap
    - Products are for both domestic and external market
    - They are labour intensive
    - The crafts persons are highly skilled Any 5x15 marks
  2. Explain three problems facing the Jua Kali industries in Kenya.
    - Goods face discrimination due to wrong attitude leading to low demand/competition form well established manufacturers this reduces sales
    - Inadequate capital for expansion leading to low production
    - Exploitation by middle men/business people who offer low prices which discourages people in industries
    - Poor working conditions as most work is done in the open sun/easily affected by weather changes
    - Frequent power blackouts which disrupt work leading to losses
    - Difficulty in getting raw materjals leading to low production
    - Inadequate security/ theft of goods Any 3x2-6 marks
3. You intend to carry out a field study in an industry with the local environment.
  1. Give two sources of secondary data you will refer to before conducting the field study.
    - Textbooks
    - Newspapers
    - Magazines
    - Periodicals
    - Journals
    - Audio/video tapes
    - Maps
    - Statistical abstracts
    - Internet Any 2 x 12 marks
  2. Identify four benefits of the industry to the local community that you are likely to find out during the study.
    - Creation of employment opportunition
    - Improvement of transport network
    - Development of social amenities
    - Availability of market for local produce/resources
    - Access to sources of power/HEP
    - has led to mgrowth of towns around industries
    - Formation of co-operative societies
1. 1. What is transport?
    - This is the physical movement of goods and people from one place to another 1 x 2=2 marks
  2. Name two international airports in Kenya.
    - Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
    - Moi International Airport
    - Eldoret International Airport
    - Kisumu international Airport
    - Wajir international airport
  3. Give four advantages of air/transport over road transport.
    - Air transport is faster/quicker.
    - It is more efficient in transporting perishable goods
    - It is free of traffic congestion/less traffic congestion.
    - Helicopters can land in remote areas
    - Planes can be used for activities like spraying of farms/emergency services.
    - There are fewer accidents than foad transport
    - Air transport is more comfortable over longer distances
    - Helicopters can land in remote/inaccesible ares Any 4 x 14 marks
2. State five benefits that would result from improving the conditions of roads in rural areas of Kenya.
  - It would encourage setting up of industries/growth of tourism
  - It would encourage the setting up/improvement of social amenities
  - It would attract investors/encourage diverse investments/improve trade
  - It would encourage effective exploitation of agricultural/ mineral/ forest resources
  - It would lead to growth/development of urban centres
  - It would enhance access to security services
  - It would lead to creation of more employment opportunities Any 5 x 15 marks
3. The sketch map below shows the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence seaway. Use it to answer question (c)
  1. Name:
    1. The lake marked J
      - L. Superior 1 mark
    2. The river marked K
      - River Ottawa 1 mark
    3. The ports marked L and M
      - L-Buffalo 1mark
      - M-Quebec 1mark
4. Explain four ways in which the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence seaway has contributed to the economies of United States of America (USA) and Canada.
  - The dams found along the route provide hydroelectric power for both domestic and industrial use
  - It provides cheap/easy navigation means of transport for imports and exports encouraging trade/Agriculture·
  - The seaway has created employment opportunities in the transport Industry raising the standards of living of the people in both countries.
  - It has led to the growth of ports and towns along its course, These, have become focal points for various economic activities
  - Due to accessibility to raw materials there has been extensive industrial development in the area
  - Tariffs charged earn the countries income
  - The lakes and the seaway are a source of fresh water for domestic/industrial use
  - The seaway is a tourist attraction earning the two countries foreign exchange. 4x2=8marks