• Language Groups in Kenya
  • Interdependence of Language Groups in Kenya
• Population Distribution In Kenya
• Cultural and Social Organization
  • School Administration

Language Groups in Kenya

The main language groups in Kenya are

• Bantu
• Nilotes
• Cushites
• Asians
• Europeans

THE BANTU

They originate from Congo Forest
They are the largest group in Kenya
They consist of Abakuria, Abagusii, Abaluhya, Abasuba, Agikuyu, Ameru, Aembu, Mbeere, Akamba, Mijikenda (Giriama, Digo, Duruma, Kambe, Kauma, Jibana, Chonyi, Rabai and Ribe), Wapokomo, Wataita, Wataweta, and Waswahili)

THE NILOTES

They originated from Bahr- el- ghazal in South Sudan.
They kept animals and grew crops such as millet and sorghum.
They consist of Nandi, Kipsigis, Keiyo, Markawet, Tugen, Pokot, Sabaot, Terik, Luo, Maasai, Samburu, Iteso, Turkana and Elmolo.

THE CUSTHITES

They originated from the Horn of Africa, popularly known as Somalia.
They consist of the Dahalo, Sanye, Makogode, Sniah, Borana, Rendile, Burji, Oromo, Ormo, Awera and Gabbra

THE ASIANS

They originated from Asia
They include the Indians, Japanese and Chinese.
They live in towns and work as traders and business people.

THE EUROPEANS

They came from Europe
They were interested in african land in order to get raw materials and settle.

They include people from Germany, France, Italy and Spain.

Interdependence of Language Groups in Kenya

Language groups in Kenya depend on each other through various means. They include:

• Food
• Treatment
• Education
• Market

Benefits of interdependence among the language groups in Kenya include:

• It promotes love and unity among different language groups
• It brings development e.g. the development of roads which connect different communities.
• It discourages tribalism, racism and corruption
• It leads to the exchange of culture, goods and services.

Population Distribution In Kenya

• Population refers to the total number of people living in an area at a particular time.
• The total number of people living in Kenya makes up the population of Kenya.
• The population of an area can either be sparse or dense.
• If an area has many people the area is said to be densely populated.
• If an area has few people it is said to be sparsely populated.
• Population density is the number of people living in an area per square kilometre.
• Population density can be described as high, medium or low.
• Areas of high population in Kenya include:
  • Highlands such as western highlands and central highlands, parts of Machakos.
  • Lake basins such as Nyanza region, especially north of Lake Victoria
  • Coastal areas
  • Major towns such as Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret
• Areas of low population density include:
  • Deserts like Chalbi and Taru
  • Steep slopes of mountains.
  • Restricted areas such as near game parks and airports

Culture And Social Organization

• Culture is the way of life of people. It includes how they eat, what they eat, how they dress, their religion among other things.
• African traditional education is a form of learning in traditional african societies in which knowledge, skills and attitudes of the community were passed from elder to children to prepare them for adult life.
• Methods of instructions used in african traditional education include:
  • Apprenticeship
  • Songs and dances
  • Storytelling
  • Narratives or narrations
  • Proverbs
  • Riddles
  • Ceremonies
  • Learning from specialist
• Skills taught to girls included:
  • Cooking
  • Fetching water
  • Looking after young ones
  • And fetching firewood
• Skills taught to boys included:
  
  • Herding
  • Hunting
  • Cultivating the land

Importance of african traditional education in promoting values

• It emphasizes the value for respect for all
• It emphasizes obedience
• It encourages honesty among all members of the community
• It encourages responsibility and hard work
• It encourages faithfulness.
• It promotes generosity and kindness as people take care of each other.
• It encourages people to live together in peace and unity.

School Administration

Administrative leaders in school They include:

The headteacher
              ↓
The deputy head teacher
              ↓
The senior teacher
              ↓
Teachers (class teacher)
              ↓
Children’s government

Duties of administrative leaders in school

1. Duties of the head teacher
   • Overall in charge of the school
   • Links the school to the department of the school
   • Admits new learners
   • Maintains school records
   • Oversees day-to-day running of the school
   • Allocates tasks to other members of staff and supervises
   • In charge of funds and security of the school
   • Overall in charge of discipline.
2. Duties of the deputy head teacher
   • Assistant to the head teacher
   • In charge of discipline
   • Secretary to staff meetings
   • Prepare the school timetable and routine
   • Ensure safety and security of learners
   • Teaches learners
3. Duties of the senior Teacher
   • Assists in administration in the absence of the headteacher and deputy headteacher.
   • Helps supervising curriculum development in school
   • Guide and counsels learners
   • Teaches the learners
4. Duties of teachers (class teachers)
   • Prepares and maintains class register
   • Maintains class discipline
   • Provides guidance services to learners
   • Resolves conflicts arising in class
   • Teaches subjects assigned
5. Duties of children’s government
   • Acts as a linkage between the students and the school administration
   • Acts as a role model to other learners
   • Supervises school activities including maintaining cleanliness
   • Provides feedback to the school administration concerning student affairs.

• Classification of communities in Eastern Africa into language groups;
  • The Bantus
    • Reasons for the Migration of the Bantu
  • The Nilotes
    • River-lake nilotes
    • Highland nilotes
    • Plain nilotes
    • Reasons for the Migration of the Nilotes
  • The Cushites
    • Eastern cushites
    • Southern cushites
    • Reasons for the Migration of the Cushites
  • The Semites
    • Reasons for the Migration of the Semites
  • Effects of migration and settlement
  • Population distribution in Eastern Africa
  • Densely populated areas of Eastern Africa.
  • Sparsely populated areas of Eastern Africa
  • Factors influencing population distribution in Eastern Africa

Classification of communities in Eastern Africa into language groups

1. The bantu
2. The nilotes
3. The cushites
4. The semites

1. The Bantus

   • Are the largest language group in eastern africa
   • Originally homeland was DRC, cameroon,zaire
   • Are mainly found in kenya,uganda, tanzania,rwanda and burundi.
   • Tanzania has the largest number of bantu
   • Main reasons for migration was to find fertile lands for cultivation
   • Are mainly cultivators
     

     Country	Community/Tribe/ Ethnic Group
     KENYA	Abaluhya,abagusii,abakuria,agikuyu,ameru,aembu,akamba,ambeere,taita,mijikenda,pokomo
     TANZANIA	Chagga,sukuma,gogo,hehe,ngoni,yao,nyamwezi,vinza,ha,zaramo,pare,fipa
     UGANDA	Baganda,banyore,basoga,bagishu, batoro,banyoro
     RWANDA	Hutu, Tutsi
     BURUNDI	Hutu

     Reasons for the Migration of the Bantu

     1. They wanted fertile farming land
     2. Escape from hostile neighbours
     3. Population pressure
     4. Outbreak of pests and diseases
     5. Drought and famine
     6. Internal disputes and conflicts
        
        

2. The Nilotes

   • Is the second largest group in Eastern Africa
   • Originated from Nile valley,Bhar-El-Ghezal in South Sudan
   • They were pastoralists
   • Mainly migrated in search of pasture and water
   • They also practised fishing along the rivers
   • Are divided into three sub groups namely
     
     

     1. River-lake Nilotes

        - Live near lakes and rivers. main economic acitvity is fishing.
        
        

        Country	Community/Tribe/Ethnic Group
        KENYA	Luo
        UGANDA	Acholi, labwar, japadhola, langi, alur, lughbava
        TANZANIA	Luo
        sOUTH SUDAN	Shilluk, anuk, nuer, dinka

     2. Highland Nilotes

        - mainly live in highland areas of eastern africa. The main economic activity is farming and pastoralism.
        
        

        Country	Community/Tribe/Ethnic Group
        KENYA	Kipsigis, nandi, tugen, keiyo, pokot, marakwet, sabaot, ogiek ,dorobo.
        UGANDA	Sebei, sabiny
        TANZANIA	Datoga

     3. Plain Nilotes

        - mainly live in the plain areas of eastern africa. Main economic activity is pastoralism/ nomadic pastoralism/ cattle rearing
        
        

        Country	Community/Tribe/Ethnic Group
        KENYA	Samburu, maasai, turkana, njemps, iteso, el-molo-suk
        UGANDA	Karamanjong, jie, iteso
        TANZANIA	Maasai
        SUDAN	Yoposa
        ETHIOPIA	Baria, gumuz

        Reasons for the migration of the Nilotes

        1. Need for pasture and water
        2. Epidaemic (outbreak of diseases)
        3. Hostile neighbours i.e. external attacks
        4. Internal conflicts/disputes
        5. Overpopulation
        6. Drought and famine
           
           

3. The Cushites

   • They are pastoralists
   • Migrated into Eastern Africa from Saudi Arabia
   • Main reason for migration was to search for water and pasture for their animals.
   • They are divided into;
     
     

     1. Eastern Cushites

        
        

        Country	Community/Tribe/Ethnic Group
        KENYA	Somali, orma, boran, burji, gabbra, rendille, galla, boni
        ETHIOPIA	Rendille, afar, sindamo, galla, danakil, oromo, ogaden
        SOMALIA	Boran, somali, rendille, oromo, ogaden, hawiyah, gurreh, danakil.

     2. Southern Cushites

        - Mostly lives in Central Tanzania and Lower Tana River regions of Kenya
         
        

        Country	Community/Tribe/Ethnic Group
        KENYA	Sanye, dahalo
        TANZANIA	Hawa iraqw, mbugu, burugu, avamanik, sandawe, hadza, makogodi

        
        

        Reasons for the migration of the Cushites

        1. Need for pasture and water
        2. Outbreak of diseases epidemics
        3. Drought and femine
        4. Hostile neighbours
        5. Internal conflicts
        6. Overpopulation
        7. Spirit of adventure
        8. Southern cushites
           
           

4. The Semites

   • Migrated from South Arabia and Asia into the Horn of Africa
   • They crossed into africa through the red sea
   • Others came through the Indian Ocean
   • Mainly migrated looking for trade items and trading opportunity
   • They are found in kenya, ethiopia, eritrea and sudan
     

     Country	Community/Tribe/Ethnic Group
     KENYA	Nubians
     SUDAN	Nubians, arabs, amharas,
     ERITREA	Tigreans, amharas
     SOMALIA	Arabs
     ETHIOPIA	Falasha, arabs, tigreans, amharas, baggara

     
     

     Reasons for the migration of the Semites

     1. Need for better trading opportunities
     2. Search for trade goods
     3. Overpopulation
     4. Family and clan disputes
     5. Spirit of adventure
     6. Outbreak of human and animal diseases
     7. Need for pasture and water for their animals
     8. Drought and femine

Effects of Migration and Settlement

1. Displacement of smaller communities
   1. Agikuyu displaced gumba and athi in central kenya
   2. Abagusii displaced by luo and kalenjins
   3. Bantu displaced by galla from shungwaya
2. Conflicts between communities
   1. Abagusii and the luo
   2. Galla and bantu
   3. Ngoni and the people of Southern Tanzania
3. Population increase
4. Intermarriage between communities
5. Adoption of economic practises among communities e.g.
   1. bantu learnt cattle keeping from nilotes and cushites learnt cultivation from the bantus
6. Introduction of new items of trade
7. Borrowing of different words led to development of new languages
8. Borrowing of cultural practises e.g.
   1. Bantu borrowed circumcision from the cushites
   2. Bantus borrowed age-set systems from the cushites

Population Distribution in Eastern Africa

• Population refers to the number of people living in a given place
• Population distribution refers to how people are spread over in an area
• Population of Eastern Africa is not evenly distributed
• Some areas are;
  1. Sparsely populated
  2. Medium/moderately populated
  3. Densely populated
• Population density is the number of people living in a square km

Densely populated areas of Eastern Africa.

1. The highlands region
2. The lake basin
3. Major towns and cities
4. Coastal areas of Kenya and Tanzania
5. Rwanda
6. Mining areas

Sparsely populated areas of Eastern Africa

1. North eastern uganda
2. Central and northern tanzania
3. Southern and western ethiopia
4. Large parts of eritrea
5. North eastern kenya
6. Most of somalia
7. Mountain tops
8. Flood plains
9. Northern sudan

Factors Influencing Population Distribution in Eastern Africa

1. Climate i.e.rainfall and temperature
2. Soils
3. Relief
4. Drainage
5. Economic activitie
6. Vegetation
7. Government policy
8. Pests and diseases
9. Political factors(security)

• Theory of Human Origin
  • The Mythical Theory
  • The Creation Theory
  • The Evolution Theory 
  • Study of Human Evolution
• Migration
  • Types of  Modern Migration
  • Effects of Migration
• Settlement
  • Settler farming in Kenya
    • Europeans settler farming in Kenya.
    • What the settlers farmers were engaged in?
    • Effects of settler farming in Kenya
  • Settlement Schemes
    • Reasons for the establishment of settlement schemes in Kenya
    • Benefits of settlement schemes
    • Problems facing settlement schemes in Kenya
    • Irrigation Schemes in Kenya 
      • Mwea Tebere Irrigation Schemes
      • Perkerra  Irrigation Schemes
• Horticultural Farming
  • Crops grown in horticulture farming
  • Contribution of horticultural farming to the economy of Kenya
  • Problems facing horticultural farming in Kenya 
  • Horticultural farming in Kenya and in the Netherlands
• Fishing in Kenya
  • Groups of Fishing grounds
  • Comparison of Fish Farming Between Kenya and Japan
• Mining
  • Contribution of minerals to the economy of Kenya
  • Effects of mining on the environment
• Forestry
  • Types of Forests in Kenya
  • Problems Facing Forests in Kenya
  • Effects of Deforestation in Kenya
  • Forestation Conservation Measures in Kenya
• Wildlife And Tourism
  • Importance of wildlife
  • Tourists attraction in Kenya and Switzerland
• Industry
  • Types of Industries
  • Factors influencing location of industries
  • Jua Kali Industries
    • Reasons for Establishment for Juakali Industries in Kenya
    • Benefits of Jua kali Industries
    • Problems Facing Jua Kali Industries
    • Contribution of Industries to The Economy of Kenya

Theories of Human Origin

1. Mythical Theory
2. Theory of Creation
3. Theory of Evolution

1. Mythical theory

   • It is based on folktales told by various communities on how they originated.
     Examples
     1. Luo - Claim to be descendants of their ancestor Ramogi who lived on Ramogi hill.
     2. Kalenjin - Claim to be descendants of the first Orkoiyot ( medicine man) called Miot.
     3. Wagiriama - Claim their ancestors lived at a place called Muyeye in Malindi.They dispersed from Muyeye and formed the nine (9) sub tribes as they migrated.
     4. Agikuyu - Claim to have descended from Gikuyuand Mumbi Who lived at Mukurwe wa Nagathanga.
     5. Baganda - Claim to be descendants of Kintu who lived on Mt Elgon.
        
        

2. The Creation Theory

   • It is based on Religious beliefs.
   • It explains that all human beings and other creatures were created by a super natural creator, God among the Christians and Allah among the Muslims.
     
     

3. The Evolution Theory

   • This is a scientific view which explains that human beings developed slowly ( evolved ) from primitive ape – like creature to what they are today. This view was first suggested by a scientist called Charles Darwin.
   • Archaeology is the study of human evolution.
   • To understand the evolution of man archaeologists study:-
     1. Tools
     2. Plants and animal remains (Fossils) of early creatures.

Study of Human Evolution

• The earliest known human-like creature was called Australopithecus.
• The period between the timeof Homo habillis and the time of Homo Sapiens is referred to as the stone age because the creatures mainly used stone tools.
• These creatures practiced the following activities:-
  1. Hunting and fishing.
  2. Gathering roots and wild berries for food.
  3. Painting and making ornaments.

Note
Stone age is divided into three stages:-

1. Early stoneage.
2. Middle stone age.
3. Late stone age.
   
   

   Stone age man	Where they were found.
   Homo habilis Homo erectus	Olduvai Gorge. Near Lake Turkana. Olorgesaille in Kenya Hadar in Ethiopia North West shores of Lake Turkana Isimilia in Tanzania.
   Homo sapiens	Ngaloba in Tanzania. Eliye springs west of Lake Turkana. Bodo in Ethiopia. Kanjera in Kenya. Omo valley in Ethiopia.

   
   
   

Migration

• Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.
• Migration within a country is called Internal migration.
• Migration from one country to another is known as external migration.

Types of Modern Migration

• The four main types of Migration taking place in Kenya are:-
  
  1. Rural – urban migration.
  2. Urban – Rural migration.
  3. Rural – Rural migration
  4. Urban – Urban migration

1. Rural – Urban migration

   • This is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
     Reason:
     1. Search for employment.
     2. Shortage of farming land in some rural areas.
     3. Opportunity to engage actively in trading activities.
     4. Availability of better recreational facilities and good infrastructure.

2. Urban – Rural migration

   • This is the movement of people from urban centers to rural centers.
     Reasons
     1. Retirement from employment.
     2. Overcrowding and high cost of living.
     3. Difficulties experienced in towns.

3. Rural – Rural migration

   • This is the movement of people from one rural area to another.
   • Note: Most rural – rural migrations are permanent especially in cases of movement to settlement schemes.
     Reasons
     
     1. Resettlement of people displaced by the construction of big dams which form lakes.
     2. Establishment of settlement schemes (irrigation schemes) which attract many people from other densely populated rural areas.
     3. Settlement of landless people by government .
     4. Seasonal migrations by nomadic pastoralists in search of pasture andwater.
     5. Search of employment in large plantations.
     6. Mining activities which may force people to move away from their original homes.
     7. Government actions which may force people to move away from areas where they had settled in order to conserve the environment e.g. Mau water catchment forest.
     8. Political unrest which may cause people to relocate from one place to another (IDPs Internally displaced persons)
     9. Natural disasters e.g Floods which may force people to move temporarily to safer higher grounds.

4. Urban – Urban migrations

   • This is the movement of people from one urban center to another.
   • Note: These migrations occur in a small scale .
     Reasons
     1. Job transfers from one town to another.
     2. Opportunities for business people to expand their businesses in bigger towns.
     3. Religious pilgrimages which may result in people settling down in the towns they visit.

Effects of Migration

Effects on urban areas

1. Unemployment.
2. Increase in crime.
3. Increase in Immorality. Eg. - prostitution, HIV / AIDS and STIs
4. Development of poor housing - slums (shanties)
5. Competition (strains) for social amenities eg. Hospitals , schools etc.
6. Overcrowding
7. Environmental problems e.g. air pollution and water pollution.
8. Increase in labour supply.

Effects on rural areas:

1. Reduced pressure on land.
2. Shortage of labour (negatively affecting agriculture).
3. Improved economic conditions (reduction in production).
4. Reversal of roles.
5. Improved agricultural production (introduction of new farming methods).

NOTE:
Immigration: Is the migration of people from one country into another.
Emigration: Is the migration of people out of a country.

Positive effects of immigration

1. Foreign investments which offer employment opportunities.

Negative effects of immigration

1. Influx of people from war-torn countries encourages the movement of illegal arms into the countries which are used by criminals
2. Refugees in our country affects the environment as they clear forests for firewood.
3. The foreign cultures of these people end up affecting our cultures negatively.

Settlement 

Settler Farming in Kenya

• Europeans settler farming was practiced in the white highlands(crown lands)
  Examples:

 
NB: The colonial government took away large areas of African land and allocated it to the white settlers.

Europeans settler farming in Kenya.

• The European settlers farming took African land.
• They mostly practiced large scale farming.
• They introduced cash crop farming and new livestock breed.
• Their farming methods were mechanized: they used commercial fertilizers and applied pesticides to crops.
• Africans were used as the source of labour on the settlers farms.
• rotation on their farms and divided ranching area into paddocks which helped.
• They practiced crop to control grazing.

What the settlers farmers were engaged in?

1. Mixed farming (growing of crops and keeping of livestocks).
2. Plantation farming (growing crops in a large scale farm). i.e. sisal, tea, coffee, wheat, maize, pyrethrum, cotton, sugarcane.
3. Dairy farming, animal kept were: hare ford, Aberdeen angus, chorales, Galloway.
4. Horticulture.
5. Fruits grown : oranges, limes, lemons, pineapples.
6. Vegetables grown:onions, carrots, tomatoes, legumes,cabbages.
7. Poultry farming-chicken breed kept were; rhode island red, white leghorn light Sussex among others.

Effects of Settler Farming in Kenya

Settlement Schemes

Areas of settlement include:

Sotik,Endebes,Kaptagat,Matunda,Machakos,Lake,Kenyatta,Molo,Ainamoi Kitobo,Naitiri,Cherengany,Songhor/MuhoroniEldama Ravine,Chepsiri etc

Reasons for the establishment of settlement schemes in Kenya

1. To settle the landless people.
2. To ease congestion in the already populated areas.
3. To make land ownership in Kenya fair.
4. To encourage people to practice commercial farming in areas that had been occupied by settler farmers.
5. To increase food production in Kenya.
6. To speed up land ownership in Kenya.
7. To open up areas which had not been settled in.

Benefits of settlement schemes

1. Increased food and cash production in the country.
2. Provision of of land to the landless (squatters)
3. It has reduced congestion on land that had high population densities.
4.  It has helped to raise the living standards of the people.
5. Agricultural exports from various settlement schemes has helped to boost the economy of our country.
6. It has helped to open up the areas that had not be settled in.

Problems facing settlement schemes in Kenya

1. Lack of adequate capital to invest in improved farming practices.
2. Congestion in some parts of the settlement schemes due to population increase.
3. Reduction in the size of land due to land fragmentation.
4. People cut down trees to create room for crop growing and settlement (De-forest ration)
5. Over cultivation in densely populated schemes has led to loss of soil fertility
6. Poor transport network in the settlement schemes.
7. Lack of adequate markets for the farm produce.

Irrigation Schemes in Kenya

Irrigation refers to the application water to crops through artificial means in
order to facilitate their growth.
Example

 
Mwea Tebere Irrigation Schemes

• Established ii 1954. (It is the oldest in the county)
• Mainly started to settle the landless who lost their lands to the white settlers.
• Located in Kirinyaga county.
• It is the largest irrigation scheme in Kenya.
• Main crop grown is Rice.
• Sources of water for irrigation are:- River Nyamindi,River Thiba: Both are tributaries of R. Tana.
• Methods of irrigation used is Basin irrigation which involves flooding the rice plot(rice paddies)
• Canals are used to direct water from the rivers to the shallow basins
• Water flows into the basin through gravitational flow.

Perkerra Irrigation Scheme

• Located in Marigat, Baringo county.
• Mainly started to put more land under cultivation.
• Sources of water include:- River Perkera and Lake Baringo
• Methods of irrigation used isFurrow method.
• Furrows carry water from main canal to the crops which grow on the ridges
  Sluice gates are used to control or regulate the flow of water into the farm.

Contributions of the scheme to the economy

 Problems facing irrigation farming in Kenya

1. Shortage of water during dry season.
2. Siltation of the canals which reduces the amount of water that can flow to them.
3. Late and irregular payments to the farmers from the irrigation board.
4. Presence of weed.
5. Some irrigation schemes are affected by floods during rainy seasons in places like Bunyala.
6. Stagnant water is a health hazard eg. Spread of malariaand bilharzias.
7. Lack of adequate capital.
8. Mismanagement of finances and resources.
9. Some irrigation schemes are far from the market which increases transport costs.
10. Competition from imported, cheap farm produce.
11. Presence of crop diseases and pests.

Horticultural Farming

1. Horticulture - Is the growing of vegetables, fruits and flowers for sale.
2. Viticulture - Growing of fruits only.
3. Floriculture - Growing of flowers only.

Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) is a body established by the government to promote horticulture (market gardening)

The HCDA :-

1. Advices the farmers.
2. Provides storage facilities.
3. Searches for external marks for products.

Crops grown in horticulture farming

 
 Contribution of horticultural farming to the economy of Kenya

1. Earning of foreign exchange.
2. Creation of employment opportunities.
3. Farmers earn regular income.
4. Development of infrastructure.
5. Availability of food.
6. Crops provide raw materials for fruit and vegetable canning.
7. Better use of land.

Problems facing horticultural farming in Kenya

1. Bad weather.
2. Poor infrastructure.
3. High fees charged to farmers who export their farm produce (high tarrifs)
4. High transport costs.
5. High cost of farm inputs e.g. fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
6. Lack of storage.
7. Restrictions by importance
8. Competition from other producers e.g. Netherlands.
9. Inadequate capital to purchase farm equipment and inputs.
10. Lack of co-operatives.
11. Low export demand
12. Poor marketing.

Horticultural farming in Kenya and Netherlands

Fishing in Kenya

• Fishing is the practice of removing or harvesting fish from water.
• Fishing is a major economic activity for those people living next to rivers , lakes or oceans which have fish.

Major fishing grounds in Kenya
Fishing grounds are places where fish are caught.

Groups of fishing grounds

1. Inland fishing grounds.
2. Marine / sea fishing grounds.

Note:
Inland fishing is also carried out in big rivers such as:-
R. Tana,R.Sondu-Miriu,R. Yala,R.Nzoia,R. Nyando,R.Kuja.

Fish farming is the raring of fish in fish ponds and dams.

Areas where fish farming is carried out.
Sagana,Borabu,Bamburi near Mombasa,Aruba dam,Kiboswa

Types of fish caught

 Problems facing fish farming

1. Presence of predators e.g. snakes, birds, cats.
2. Insufficient supply of water in ponds especially during the dry season.
3. Limited market
4. Presence of unwanted weeds e.g. water hyacinth in L. Victoria.
5. Lack of adequate funds for most farmers.
6. Use of traditional methods of harvesting.
7. Inadequate refrigeration facilities.

Comparison of fish farming between Kenya and Japan

Mining

Mining is the removal (extraction) of a mineral from where it has naturally been formed.

The main minerals in Kenya include

1. Soda ash
2. Gemstones
3. Diatomite
4. Flourspar
5. Sand
6. Salt
7. Limestone
8. Marble

Contribution of minerals to the economy of Kenya

1. Mineral exports earn Kenya foreign exchange.
2. Mining is a source of employment to many people.
3. It has led to the growth of towns e.g. Magadi.
4. It has led to the establishment of industries that use minerals as their raw materials.
5. Availability of minerals saves the country`s foreign exchange that could have been used to import them.
6. Mining has led to the development of social services like schools , hospitals and sports facilities in the mining areas.
7. Mining is a source of revenue to the government since the mining companies pay taxes to the government.
8. It has led to the development of transport links of infrastructure.
9. Mining has led to the improvement of the standards of living of people working in the mines and mineral – related industries.

Effects of mining on the environment

1. Pollution of the environment.
2. Land degradation.
3. Destruction of vegetation during the mining process.
4. Clearing of vegetation during mining leads to soil erosion.
5. Open pits filled with water are a health hazards to people and animals.
6. Release of harmful gases in the air may result to global warming.
7. Walls of mines sometimes collapse and cause accidents to miners.

Forestry

• Forestry is the practice of establishing forests and caring for trees.
• It also involves paper harvesting and good use of trees.

Types of Forests in Kenya

There are two main types of forests found in Kenya. These are:

1. Natural forests.
2. Planted forests.

1. Natural forests

   This are forests which have grown on their own.
   They are divided as follows:
   1. Highland rain forests.
      • They grow in the high rainfall areas e.g.Slopes of mountains, Hills and highlands
        Examples
        Kakamega,Nyambane,Ndare,Kaimosi,Mt.Kenya,Timboroa,Nyandarua,Mau, Malava,Mt.Marsabit,Ngong hills,Mt. Elgon,Ndaragwa.
   2. Lowland rain forest.
      • Found in high rainfall areas of the coast.
        Examples:
        Witu,Jilore,Gongeni,Boni,Arabuko – Sokoke
   3. Mangrove forest
      • They grow in salty waters of the Indian ocean.
      • They grow along the coast in: Kwale,Kilifi,Lamu,Malindi
        
        

2. Planted forest

   • They have been established through efforts of human beings.
   • They are found in high rainfall areas where afforestration programs are being carried out.
   • These forests are found in the following areas:
     1. Slopes of Mt. Kenya around Meru and Embu.
     2. Cherengani hills
     3. Limuru
     4. Elburgon
     5. Timboroa
     6. Molo
     7. Turbo
     8. Slopes of Mt Elgon
     9.  Lari
     10. Njabini
     11. Kaptagat
     12. Londiani
     13. Moi`s bridge
     14. Nandi hills

Types of trees found in planted and natural forests

Problems Facing Forests in Kenya

1. Attacks by pests and diseases which affects their rate of growth.
2. Outbreaks of fires especially during the dry season.
3. Deforestration due to increased demand for land for farming and settlement.
4.  Increased demand for forest product e.g. timber and pulp.
5. Need for charcoal and firewood.
6. Poor reafforestration programs.

Effects of Deforestration in Kenya

Deforestration is the cutting down of forest trees faster than they are replaced
through reafforestration.
Effects

1. Deforestration affects the sources of water leading to reduced water supply.
2. Cutting down of trees leads to spread of the desert.
3. Reduction in forest production.
4. Increase soil erosion.
5. Loss of the species
6. Rural communities are affected since some of them use forest products for their survival.
7. Change in climate.

Forest Conservation Measures in Kenya

Forest conservation is the careful harvesting and good use of trees found in
the forest.

Conservation measures includes:

1. Establishment of tree nurseries.
2. Gazzetement of forest reserves by the government to protect the forests.
3. Organizing and supporting tree planting activities (afforestration).
4. Encouragement by the government for the public to undertake replanting activities.
5. Discouraging the use of charcoal.
6. Growing of trees alongside crops in the farm (Agro-forestry).
7. Informing the public on the importance of trees and the and the need to plant more trees on their farms (awareness campaigns).
8. Establishment of environmental clubs in schools.
9. Banning tree activities.

Wildlife and Tourism

Wildlife refers to plants , birds and animals in their natural environment. (habitat).
Tourism is the travelling to other places of interest for pleasure.

Importance of wildlife

1. Earns the country foreign exchange from tourists who visit the country.
2. Creates jobs for many people who work in game parks, game researves ,and tourist hotels.
3. Leads to economic growth of the areas they are found.
4. Promotes development of local industries e.g. stone and wood curving which are mainly bought by tourists.
5. Wildlife is an important national heritage.

Tourists attraction in Kenya and Switzerland

Similarities between Kenya and Switzerland

1. Both countries have beautiful sceneries.
2. Both countries have a rich cultural heritage which is a major tourist attraction.
3. Both have good accommodation facilities for the tourists e.g. hotels.
4. Both countries enjoy relative peace.
5. Both countries have game parks.

Differences between Kenya and Switzerland

1. Wildlife is the main tourist attraction in Kenya while Beautiful scenery is the main tourist attraction in Switzerland.
2. Tourists are attracted by the warm climate ion Kenya while in Switzerland tourists are attracted by the summer and winter seasons.
3. Transport and communication is highly developed in Switzerland and thus attracts tourists. In Kenya, The transport and communication is NOT highly developed.

Industries

An industry is a place where raw materials are changed from one form to another ,processed and assembled.

Types of industries

1. Processing industries.
2. Manufacturing industry
3. Assembly industries
4. Service industries.

1. Processing industries
   
   • They are also called primary industries.
   • Involved in the first stage of changing raw materials from one form to another.
   • Examples in Kenya : Maize, milk, fish processing etc.
2. Manufacturing industries
   
   • They are also known as Secondary industries.
   • They use raw materials to make final products.
   • Examples:
     1. Sugar from a processing industry taken to another factory to make sweets, bread or soft drinks.
     2. Steel rolling milk
     3. Glass making industry
     4. Insecticide industry
     5. Medicine making
     6. Cement factories
     7. Textile industry
     8. Shoe factories
     9. Oil refineries.
3. Assembly industries
   
   • They are also known as secondary industry.
   • They put together parts that have been produced elsewhere to make new products.
   • Examples include:-
     1. Vehicles
     2. Radios
     3. Bicycles
     4. Televisions etc.
4. Service industry
   
   • They are also known as tertiary industries.
   • They provide services that other people and other industries need.
   • Examples includes:
     1. Transport and communication.
     2. Banking
     3. Insurance
     4. Repair work
     5. Printing etc.

Factors Influencing Location of Industries

1. Availability of raw materials.
2. Availability of capital(money to start a business).
3. Availability of good means of transport and communication.
4. Availability of power (electricity).
5. Availability of regular water supply.
6. Availability of ready market.
7. Government policy of location of industry.
8. Availability of land.
9. Personal consideration.
10. Security.
11. Presence of other industries.

Jua Kali Industries

• These industries are also known as cottage or fabrication industries
• It involves making simple items in the open air or under simple shade.
• They use scrap metals to fabricate different types of cheap products.
•  Items made include:
  
  1. Jikos
  2. Jembes
  3. Pans
  4.  Wheelbarrows.
  5. Boxes etc.

Reasons for establishment for Juakali industries in Kenya

1. To create self employment opportunities.
2. Products from Jua kali industries are cheap as compared to those made in manufacturing industries.
3. The sale of the jua kali products earns the people income
   Jua kali industries require little space to house workers.
4. Some Jua kali industries do not require electricity.
5. ua kali industries help in cleaning up the environment as they use heap of scrap metals.

Benefits of Jua kali industries

1. Creation of employment opportunities.
2. Use of waste iron materials helps in recycling wastes.
3. They produce many goods that are widely used in homes and schools.
4. Jua kali products are cheap and long lasting.
5. Jua kali helps in improving the living standards of people working in the Jua kali industry (sector)
6. Jua kali is foreign exchange earner.
7. The use of recycled materials helps in controlling environmental pollution.
8. Jua kali reduces rural – urban migration as youths in the rural areas get employment in their rural areas.

Problems Facing Jua Kali Industries

1. Inadequate space: This leads to interruption of their work.
2. Competition from manufactured goods.
3. Inadequate capital (cash to start and maintain the business)
4. High cost of raw materials.
5. Poor working conditions.
6. Inadequate supply of water and electricity.
7. Limited market for the products.

Contribution of Industries to The Economy of Kenya

1. Creation of jobs(employment opportunities)
2. Earning of income by the people.
3. Earning of foreign exchange.
   Making use of local resources(raw materials)
4. Saving on foreign exchange.
5. Making it possible to have increased trade locally and with other countries.
6. Promotion of agriculture due to increased demand of raw materials.
7. Availability of goods.
8. Growth of urban centers.
9. Development of infrastructure e.g. roads.
10. Increased skills by the people employed in industries.
11. Encourages countries to join regional blocks.This enhances internationalrelations.
12. Self sufficiency.