To state effects of heat on carbonates.                                To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, CaCO₃, ZnCO₃, PbCO₃, e. t. c. Observe various color changes before, during and after heating.                Write equations for the reactions.

To state effects of heat on nitrates.    To predict products resulting from heating metal nitrates

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various metal nitrates.            Observe various color changes before, during and after heating.                                      Write equations for the reactions

To state effects of heat on Sulphates.  To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various Sulphates.          Observe various color changes before, during and after heating.          Write equations for the reactions

To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.    To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Prepare a sample of various salts.                Expose them to the atmosphere overnight. Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES. Electrical conductivity

Group experiments- to identify conductors and non-conductors.            Explain the difference in (non) conductivities.

Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.              Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.

Molten candle wax Sugar Sulphur Lead oxide.

To define electrolysis            To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.

Aqueous electrolytes.  Electrodes.  

To define an electrolyte            To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.

To investigate chemical effect of an electric current. Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.      Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.

Graphite electrodes Battery Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.

To demonstrate –Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide  Observe color changes Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes Battery Various aqueous solutions switch.

To define a binary electrolyte.            To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Experiment- Left overnight.  Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.            Brief discussion.

Silver nitrate Iron nail Complete circuit battery.

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS. Allotropy.                                  

Define allotropes and allotropy. Identify allotropes of carbon.  Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.

Teacher exposes new terms.                        Review covalent bond. Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.

Describe physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.                State uses of carbon allotropes.

Discuss physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.      Explain the Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.        Discuss uses of carbon allotropes.

Describe reduction properties of carbon. Show reduction properties of carbon.

Teacher demonstration – Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.      Observe color changes and give underlying explanation

Reaction of carbon with acids.

      Preparation of CO₂.

Describe reaction of carbon with acids.

Prepare CO₂ in the lab.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc. HNO₃.            Write balanced equations for the reaction.                Review effects of heat on carbonates.              Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of  CO_2.

Simple experiments to determine properties of CO_2.

Discuss the observations.

Lime water, Magnesium ribbon, Universal indicator,    lit candle.

Teacher demonstration: preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab.      Make observations.

Description of properties of carbon monoxide.      Discussion and writing of  chemical equations.

To state the difference between carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.            To describe chemical reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates with acids.

Observe reactions of carbonates of Ca, Cu, Zn, NaHCO₃ with HCl, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄.

Record observations in a table.

Carbonates of Ca, Cu, Zn, NaHCO₃ with HCl, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄.

Discuss the observations above.                                  Write chemical equations for the reactions.

Discuss the above observations.                Write corresponding balanced equations.

Discuss each step of the process.                      Write relevant equations.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

Importance of carbon in nature.          & its        effects on the environment.

To discuss: - Importance of carbon in nature.   &                    Effects of carbon on the environment.

Discuss the carbon cycle and processes that increase/ reduce amount of CO₂ in the air.                          Uses of CO₂ in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.