Displaying items by tag: Settler farming
Tuesday, 01 November 2022 09:44
Agriculture - Class 8 Social Studies Revision Notes
- Settlers Farming
- Settlement Schemes
- Irrigation Schemes
- Horticultural Farming
- Fish Farming
- Fish Farming In Kenya
- Fish Farming In Japan
- Comparison Of Fish Farming In Kenya And Japan
Agriculture
- This is the growing of crops and the keeping of animals
Settlers Farming
- Settlers are the Europeans who came and grabbed fertile land for farming
White Highlands
- Also known as crown land
- These are fertile areas that were grabbed from africa ns
African Native Reserves
- These were the infertile lands
- Africans were congested in reserves
- They were agriculturaly less productive
- Africans provided cheap forced labour in the settlers farm
Settlers Farming Areas
- Eastern highlands
- Nyeri
- Murang’a
- Embu
- Kiambu
- Meru
- Thika
- Nanyuki
- Nyandarua
- Laikipia
- Western Highlands(Rift Valley)
- Kericho
- Uasin gishu
- Trans nzoia
- Sotik
- Nakuru
- Bomet
- Coastal Region
- Taita taveta
- Kilifi
- Voi
- Malindi
Features/characteristics Of Settlers Farming
- Obtained cheap labour from the africans
- Introduced commercial farming i.e.cash crop farming
- Introduced new crop farming
- Practised farming in the cool and wet highlands i.e.the white highlands
- Practised mixed farming
- Kept beef cattle in ranches in dry areas
- Grew sisal and cotton in dry areas.
- Introduced plantation farming
- Used machines and fertilizers
- Practised crop rotation
- Irrigation farming was done in drier areas.
- Effects of settlers farming
Positive effects
- Introduced cash crop/commercial crops e.g.coffee,tea,pyrthrum,etc
- Introduced mechanised farming
- Introduced the use of farm inputs e.g.fertilizers and chemicals.
- Introduced exotic breed cattle
- Introduced plantation or large scale farming
- Led to industrialzation
- Led to development of infrastructure i.e.roads and railways.
- Led to urbanization e.g kitale and eldoret
- Introduced cross breeding
- Led to formation of cooperatives
Negative Effects
- Africans lost thier land i.e. became squatters
- Creation of african native reserves
- Led to forced labour
- Disrupted the communal land ownership i.e. land tenure system.
- Africans were over exploited
- Led to increased racism/racial discrimination
- Development of the wtite highlands only
- Introduced payment of taxes to africans
Exotic Breed Cattle
- Jersey
- Fresians
- Guernsey
- Aryshire
Exotic Beef Cattle
- Aberdeen angus
- Hereford
- Chalorais
Exotic Dual Cattle
- Sahiwal
- Indegenous cattle
- Zebu
- Boran
Settlement Schemes
- These were areas set aside by the government tothe landless.
- Ways of acquiring the settlement schemes
- Buying land from settlers
- Reclamation of hostile areas i.e.
- Spraying areas infested with tsetse flies
- Irrigating arid and semi-arid areas
- Draining swamps
- Forest excision i.e clearing the forest to settle the squatters.
- Formation of land buying companies.
Reasons For Establishment Of Settlement Schemes
- To settle the squatters
- To boost food production
- To reduce population pressure
- To ease congestion
- To improve peoples’ living standards
Distribution Of Settlement Schemes
- Mwea Irrigation Schemes
- Ol Kalou Salient Schemes
- Jomo Kenyatta At Mpeketoni Lamu
- Bura-galolo Settlement Schemes
- Island Farms In Central
- Muguga jet Schemes - Central
- Ahero - nyanza
- Lambwe Valley - Nyanza
- Matunda Settlement
- Ravine/ Sabatia
Benefits Of Settlement Schemes
- Landless people have been settled
- Waste land have been put into use
- Have created employment
- Have boosted food production
- Have united people in the country
- Have led to development
- Agricultural export from schemes earn foreign exchange
- Have reduced population pressure
Problems Facing Settlement Schemes
- Soil erosion
- Population pressure
- Poor means of transport
- Lack of social amenities
- Lack of title deeds
- Sometimes there is ethnic hatred in the schemes
- Lack of modern equipment
- Sometimes farmers are unable to repay loans
- Mismanagement of schemes
Irrigation Schemes
- Irrigation is growing of crops using water
- They include;
- Mwea irrigation schemes
- Perkerra irrigation schemes
- Ahero irrigation schemes
Mwea Irrigation Schemes
- It is in Kirinyaga County
- It is the oldest in the country
- It was established in 1954
- The main reason for establishment was to settle the landless
- It has black cotton soil
- This region slopes gently to support flow of water by gravity.
- Source of water - Water comes from river Thiba and Nyamindi which are tributaries of River Tana
- Main crop grown
- Rice (paddy)
- Water melon
- Sukumawiki
- Maize
- French beans
- Canal irrigation method
- Canals direct water into the rice field called basins
- Water flows by gravity
Perkerra irrigation scheme
- Located in Baringo County
- Was established in 1954
- The main reason for establishment was to bring more land under cultivation
- Water for irrigation comes from River Perkerra
- Seed maize (main crop)
- Chillies
- Tomatoes
- Onions
- Watermelons
- Pawpaws
- Uses furrow irrigation method
- Involves construction of furrows and ridges
- Crops grown on the ridges
- Water directed to the furrows
- NB; the main reason why irrigation schemes were established was to boost food production.
Contribution Of Irrigation Schemes To The Economy Of Kenya
- Create employment
- Source of income
- Have led to indutrialization
- Have improved people’s living standards
- Have led to development of roads
- Earn Kenya foreign exchange
- Unproductive land have been put into use
- Have led to urbanization
- They are sources of livelihood
Problems Facing Irrigation Schemes
- Pest and diseases
- Mismanagement of irrigation schemes
- Long distances to the market
- Silting of canals
- Water shortages
- High cost of farm inputs e.g.seeds and fertilizers
- Delayed payment
- Lack of agricultural extension officers
- Exhaustion of soil
Horticultural Farming
- This is the growth of fruits, flowers, and vegetable
- Viticulture - This is the growth of fruits only
- Floriculture -This is the growth of vegetable only.it is also called market gardening
Features/characteristics Of Horticulture
- Practised in areas with fertile soil
- It is capital intensive
- It is labour intensive
- The farms are intensively cultivated
- Crops are grown in green houses
- Practised in both small and large scale
- High quality seeds and fertilizers are used
- Mainly done for sale
- Regular spraying is done
Crops Grown In Horticultural Farming
- Vegetable
- Spinach
- Kales
- French beans
- Onions
- Baby corn
- Cauliflower
- Tomatoes
- Cabbages
- Fruits
- Bananas
- Mangoes
- Apples
- Avocadoes
- Paws paws
- Pineapples
- Oranges
- Pears
- Flowers
- Roses
- Orchids
- Carnations
- Gladioli
Problems Facing Horticultural Farming To The Economy Of Kenya
- Delayed payment
- pest and diseases
- poor means of transport and communication
- high transport charges
- expensive farm inputs
- bad weather
- lack of cooperative societies
- long distance to the market
- lack of capital
- lack of refrigeration facilities
Horticultural Farming In Netherlands
- Netherlands is in Europe
- also known as Holland
- it is a lowland
- it grows flowers,fruits,and vegetable
- done on reclaimed land called polders
- they reclaim land using special walls called dykes
NB they practice farming in polders because the land is scarce - They mostly use green/glass houses
- This helps them to practice horticultural farming throughout the year
- Netherlands is densely populated and this provides a ready market.
Comparison of horticultural farming in Kenya and Netherlands .
Kenya | Netherlands |
.done on natural land | Done on polders |
grows flowers fruits and vegetable | Grows flowers fruits and vegetable |
few green houses are used | Mostly green houses are used |
lack of capital for expansion | Capital is available for expansion |
little mechanization | Highly mechanised |
skilled labour is inadequate | Great ues of skilled labour is required |
poor means of transport | Well developed transport |
less scientific method used | Uses scientific method of farming |
production is low | Production is high |
farmers are indequately skilled | Farmers are andequately skilled |
Fish Farming
- This is the rearing of fish in ponds or tanks
- It is also called aquaculture
- The best soil to construct a fish pond is clay soil
- Fish kept
- trout
- tilapia
- mudfish
Fish Farming In Kenya
- Sagana - Kirinyaga County
- Kabaru - Nyeri County
- Kibos - Kisumu County
- Ljipe - Taita Taveta County
- Aruba Dam-taita Taveta
- Bamburi - Mombasa County
- Borabu - Kisii County
- Homa Bay - Homa Bay
Fish Farming In Japan
- Japan is in Asia
- It is the leading producer of fish in the world
- Done in the sheltered areas along the coast
- Practised in the four islands
- Hokkaido
- Kyoshu
- Honshu
- Shikoku
- it has large market for fish
- fish are sold through cooperatives
- fish farming is highly mechanized
- highly supported by the government
- fish have high demand
- fish kept
- oyster
- prawns
- trout eeels
Comparison Of Fish Farming In Kenya And Japan
Kenya | Japan |
Fish reared are trout,tilapia and mudfish | Fish reared are oyster, prawns,trout and eels |
Capital is inadequate | Adequate capital |
Few research and training centres | Many modern fisheries and research centres |
Fish kept in fish ponds | Fishing done in the sheltered sea |
Limited/small market | Large market for fish |
Low demand for fish | High demand for fish |
Cooperatives are not developed | Copperatives are well developed |
Not highly supported by the government | Highly supported by the government |
Most fish are consumed locally | Most of the fish are exported |
Published in
Social Studies Class 8 Notes
Tagged under
Tuesday, 14 September 2021 07:36
Social Relations And Cultural Activities - Class 8 Social Studies Revision Notes
The School
- A school is a centre where learning takes place both formally and informally.
- It is also a place where the learners acquire knowledge.
School Management
- The public schools are run by the government through the ministry of education.
- At the district level, the schools are managed by:
- the District Education Board. (D.E.B)
- The chairman of the district education board is the district commissioner.
- The secretary of the District education board is the district education officer (D.E.O)The D.E.O is in charge of all the education matters in the district. He/She:-
- Ensures there are teachers in the school.
- Inspects schools to ensure standards are set and maintained.
- Organizes co-curriculum activities.
- Assigns teachers responsibilities by posting and transferring them.
The Teacher
- He/She is the secretary to the school committee.
- He/She signs duties and responsibilities to all the teachers in the school
- Receive information from the ministry and pass them on to teachers.
- Ensures that the school is stable and runs smoothly.
- He supervises the work of teachers, pupils and school workers.
- He ensures that good academic standards are made and maintained.
- He writes minutes during school committee meetings.
- He maintains discipline among pupils.
The Deputy Headteacher
- He is the principal assistant of the head teacher.
- He attends to lessons by planning and teaching.
- He acts in the absence of head teacher.
- He is in charge of discipline.
The Senior Teacher
- Ensures all lessons are attended to.
- Acts in the absence of head teacher and the Deputy head teacher.
- Plans and teaches the pupils.
Head Prefects (head boy and head girl)
- They co-ordinate the activities of other prefects.
- Ensures the pupils are orderly.
- Prefects act as the eyes of teachers on other pupils.
Importance of School Administration.
- It promotes high academic standards.
- It promotes high standards of discipline.
- It helps in maintaining school facilities like chairs tables and desks.
- It co-ordinates the daily academic activities in the school.
- It maintains proper school records.
- It organizes and promotes co-curricular activities in the schools e.g. games, music, athletics, drama.
- It acts as the link between the community in school.
- It ensures that the school maintains cleanliness.
- It acts as a link between the school and the government education agents like:
- Assistant education officers (AEO)
- District Education Officers
- Provincial director of education
- It allocates teachers their teaching subjects and other duties.
The School Motto
- It is a phrase that expresses the beliefs of a school.
- It describes the goals that a school intends the school learners to achieve by the time they leave the school.
- School routine is the program of activities in the school either on daily or weekly basis.
- The school timetable forms a major part of the school routine.
The Family
- Family is a group of people who are related by blood or marriage.
Main Types of Family
- Nuclear family - father, mother and child/children
- Extended family - nuclear and other relatives.
- Single parent family - One parent and child/children
Needs of Family Members
- Needs are requirements that are necessary for people to live.
- Basic needs - things we cannot do without.
- Secondary needs - Things that add comfort to our lives but we can do without them.
Basic needs | Secondary needs |
|
|
Resonsibilities of Family Members
- Roles and duties in a family are well defined.
EXAMPLES:
Responsibilities of Parents
- Providing basic needs for the family.
- Providing security in the family.
- Providing medical care for the family.
- Installing good morals in the children.
- Providing financial assistance.
- Teaching religious values.
- Providing love for the family members.
Marriage
- Marriage is a permanent union between adults.
- Marriage systems recognized in Kenya are:
- Religious marriage.
- Customary marriage.
- Civil marriage.
Religious Marriage
- It is usually conducted in a church , mosque , or a temple.
- A wedding ceremony is conducted.
- Christians and Asian marriages are monogamous (one man and one wife)while Muslim marriages are polygamous (more than one wife).
- Couple exchange marriage vows.
- A marriage certificate is issued.
Customary Marriage
- Conducted according to the African customs and beliefs.
- Polygamy is allowed.
- Bride wealth is given before the wedding ceremony.
- It is usually conducted by the clan elders.
Civil Marriage
- It is presided over by a magistrate or an authorized government officer.
- A couple intending to marry must issue a 21 day notice to the district commissioner or the district registrar of marriage.
- The marriage partners pay a marriage fee.
- A marriage certificate is issued.
- Divorce or separation is granted by a court of law.
Importance of Marriage
- It provides companionship.
- It ensures the continuity of the family name and culture.
- It unites different families hence promotes unity and harmony in the society.
- It ensures good upbringing of the children.
- It provides security and legal rights to the children, wife, and the husband.
- It helps to regulate social behavior of the couple.
- It helps to enrich culture especially when man and wife are responsible.
Rights and Responsibilities of Spouses in Marriage
- To be loyal and faithful to each other.
- To stand by each other as a source of comfort and strength.
- To love one another.
- To give each other emotional and physical security and protection.
- To earn an income to support the family.
- To promote the family’s standard of living.
- To discuss the decisions regarding the family matters.
- They should be caring to the children.
Succession and Inheritance
- Succession means taking over property after the owner dies or give up ownership.
- Inheritance is receiving property left behind when the owner dies.
- People succeed or inherit the estate (belonging of the deceased ) through:
- customary laws
- written wills
- parliamentary acts (law of succession).
- The property of the diseased is called an estate.
- A written document that shows how the property of the deceased should be shared out is known as the will.
- The person who inherits the estates of the deceased is known as an heir.
- The distribution of the estate of the deceased is done by:
- Court of law.
- The public trustee.
- The bearer of the letter of administration or the grant of probate.
- The authority to manage the estate is granted by a court of law.
- The following are entitled to the estate of the deceased :
- wife or wives
- former wife ( in case of a divorce in a court of law).
- sons
- daughters
- parents
- Any other person with proof that they depend on the deceased.
- Where both the parents have died, the adult first born child should apply to get a letter of administration, if the parent did not leave a will or a grant of probate, if the parent left a will.
NB: daughters of the deceased whether married or not have the right to benefit from the property of the deceased.
Resources and Economic Activities.
- Resources are the things that are useful to human beings e.g. Soil, water, money, land, forest, mineral, wildlife, domestic animals.
- Economic activities are the different ways that we use the resources to earn income.
- The main economic activities in Kenya include:
- Transport and communication.
- Livestock keeping.
- Wildlife and tourism.
- Fishing.
- Mining.
- Crop farming.
- Forestry.
- Manufacturing.
Published in
Social Studies Class 8 Notes
Tagged under