• Settlers Farming
  
  • White Highlands
  • African Native Reserves
  • Settlers Farming Areas
  • Features/characteristics Of Settlers Farming
  • Positive effects
  • Negative Effects
  • Exotic Breed Cattle
  • Exotic Beef Cattle
  • Exotic Dual Cattle
• Settlement Schemes
  
  • Reasons For Establishment Of Settlement Schemes
  • Distribution Of Settlement Schemes
  • Benefits Of Settlement Schemes
  • Problems Facing Settlement Schemes
• Irrigation Schemes
  • Mwea Irrigation Schemes
    • Method Of Irrigation
  • Perkerra irrigation scheme
    • Crops grown
    • Method of irrigation
  • Contribution Of Irrigation Schemes To The Economy Of Kenya
  • Problems Facing Irrigation Schemes
• Horticultural Farming
  • Features/characteristics Of Horticulture
  • Crops Grown In Horticultural Farming
  • Problems Facing Horticultural Farming To The Economy Of Kenya
  • Horticultural Farming In Netherlands
    • Comparison of horticultural farming in Kenya and Netherlands .
• Fish Farming
  • Fish Farming In Kenya
  • Fish Farming In Japan
  • Comparison Of Fish Farming In Kenya And Japan

Agriculture

• This is the growing of crops and the keeping of animals

Settlers Farming

• Settlers are the Europeans who came and grabbed fertile land for farming

White Highlands

• Also known as crown land
• These are fertile areas that were grabbed from africa ns

African Native Reserves

• These were the infertile lands
• Africans were congested in reserves
• They were agriculturaly less productive
• Africans provided cheap forced labour in the settlers farm

Settlers Farming Areas

1. Eastern highlands
   
   1. Nyeri
   2. Murang’a
   3. Embu
   4. Kiambu
   5. Meru
   6. Thika
   7. Nanyuki
   8. Nyandarua
   9. Laikipia
2. Western Highlands(Rift Valley)
   
   1. Kericho
   2. Uasin gishu
   3. Trans nzoia
   4. Sotik
   5. Nakuru
   6. Bomet
3. Coastal Region
   
   1. Taita taveta
   2. Kilifi
   3. Voi
   4. Malindi

Features/characteristics Of Settlers Farming

• Obtained cheap labour from the africans
• Introduced commercial farming i.e.cash crop farming
• Introduced new crop farming
• Practised farming in the cool and wet highlands i.e.the white highlands
• Practised mixed farming
• Kept beef cattle in ranches in dry areas
• Grew sisal and cotton in dry areas.
• Introduced plantation farming
• Used machines and fertilizers
• Practised crop rotation
• Irrigation farming was done in drier areas.
• Effects of settlers farming

Positive effects

• Introduced cash crop/commercial crops e.g.coffee,tea,pyrthrum,etc
• Introduced mechanised farming
• Introduced the use of farm inputs e.g.fertilizers and chemicals.
• Introduced exotic breed cattle
• Introduced plantation or large scale farming
• Led to industrialzation
• Led to development of infrastructure i.e.roads and railways.
• Led to urbanization e.g kitale and eldoret
• Introduced cross breeding
• Led to formation of cooperatives

Negative Effects

• Africans lost thier land i.e. became squatters
• Creation of african native reserves
• Led to forced labour
• Disrupted the communal land ownership i.e. land tenure system.
• Africans were over exploited
• Led to increased racism/racial discrimination
• Development of the wtite highlands only
• Introduced payment of taxes to africans

Exotic Breed Cattle

• Jersey
• Fresians
• Guernsey
• Aryshire

Exotic Beef Cattle

• Aberdeen angus
• Hereford
• Chalorais

Exotic Dual Cattle

• Sahiwal
• Indegenous cattle
• Zebu
• Boran

Settlement Schemes

• These were areas set aside by the government tothe landless.
• Ways of acquiring the settlement schemes
• Buying land from settlers
• Reclamation of hostile areas i.e.
• Spraying areas infested with tsetse flies
• Irrigating arid and semi-arid areas
• Draining swamps
• Forest excision i.e clearing the forest to settle the squatters.
• Formation of land buying companies.

Reasons For Establishment Of Settlement Schemes

• To settle the squatters
• To boost food production
• To reduce population pressure
• To ease congestion
• To improve peoples’ living standards

Distribution Of Settlement Schemes

• Mwea Irrigation Schemes
• Ol Kalou Salient Schemes
• Jomo Kenyatta At Mpeketoni Lamu
• Bura-galolo Settlement Schemes
• Island Farms In Central
• Muguga jet Schemes - Central
• Ahero - nyanza
• Lambwe Valley - Nyanza
• Matunda Settlement
• Ravine/ Sabatia

Benefits Of Settlement Schemes

• Landless people have been settled
• Waste land have been put into use
• Have created employment
• Have boosted food production
• Have united people in the country
• Have led to development
• Agricultural export from schemes earn foreign exchange
• Have reduced population pressure

Problems Facing Settlement Schemes

• Soil erosion
• Population pressure
• Poor means of transport
• Lack of social amenities
• Lack of title deeds
• Sometimes there is ethnic hatred in the schemes
• Lack of modern equipment
• Sometimes farmers are unable to repay loans
• Mismanagement of schemes

Irrigation Schemes

• Irrigation is growing of crops using water
• They include;
  1. Mwea irrigation schemes
  2. Perkerra irrigation schemes
  3. Ahero irrigation schemes

Mwea Irrigation Schemes

• It is in Kirinyaga County
• It is the oldest in the country
• It was established in 1954
• The main reason for establishment was to settle the landless
• It has black cotton soil
• This region slopes gently to support flow of water by gravity.
• Source of water - Water comes from river Thiba and Nyamindi which are tributaries of River Tana
• Main crop grown
  1. Rice (paddy)

Other Crops Grown

1. Water melon
2. Sukumawiki
3. Maize
4. French beans

Method Of Irrigation

• Canal irrigation method
• Canals direct water into the rice field called basins
• Water flows by gravity

Perkerra irrigation scheme

• Located in Baringo County
• Was established in 1954
• The main reason for establishment was to bring more land under cultivation
• Water for irrigation comes from River Perkerra

Crops Grown

1. Seed maize (main crop)
2. Chillies
3. Tomatoes
4. Onions
5. Watermelons
6. Pawpaws

Method Of Irrigation

• Uses furrow irrigation method
• Involves construction of furrows and ridges
• Crops grown on the ridges
• Water directed to the furrows
• NB; the main reason why irrigation schemes were established was to boost food production.

Contribution Of Irrigation Schemes To The Economy Of Kenya

• Create employment
• Source of income
• Have led to indutrialization
• Have improved people’s living standards
• Have led to development of roads
• Earn Kenya foreign exchange
• Unproductive land have been put into use
• Have led to urbanization
• They are sources of livelihood

Problems Facing Irrigation Schemes

• Pest and diseases
• Mismanagement of irrigation schemes
• Long distances to the market
• Silting of canals
• Water shortages
• High cost of farm inputs e.g.seeds and fertilizers
• Delayed payment
• Lack of agricultural extension officers
• Exhaustion of soil

Horticultural Farming

• This is the growth of fruits, flowers, and vegetable
• Viticulture - This is the growth of fruits only
• Floriculture -This is the growth of vegetable only.it is also called market gardening

Features/characteristics Of Horticulture

• Practised in areas with fertile soil
• It is capital intensive
• It is labour intensive
• The farms are intensively cultivated
• Crops are grown in green houses
• Practised in both small and large scale
• High quality seeds and fertilizers are used
• Mainly done for sale
• Regular spraying is done

Crops Grown In Horticultural Farming

• Vegetable
• Spinach
• Kales
• French beans
• Onions
• Baby corn
• Cauliflower
• Tomatoes
• Cabbages
• Fruits
• Bananas
• Mangoes
• Apples
• Avocadoes
• Paws paws
• Pineapples
• Oranges
• Pears
• Flowers
• Roses
• Orchids
• Carnations
• Gladioli

Problems Facing Horticultural Farming To The Economy Of Kenya

• Delayed payment
• pest and diseases
• poor means of transport and communication
• high transport charges
• expensive farm inputs
• bad weather
• lack of cooperative societies
• long distance to the market
• lack of capital
• lack of refrigeration facilities

Horticultural Farming In Netherlands

• Netherlands is in Europe
• also known as Holland
• it is a lowland
• it grows flowers,fruits,and vegetable
• done on reclaimed land called polders
• they reclaim land using special walls called dykes
  NB they practice farming in polders because the land is scarce
• They mostly use green/glass houses
• This helps them to practice horticultural farming throughout the year
• Netherlands is densely populated and this provides a ready market.

Comparison of horticultural farming in Kenya and Netherlands .

Fish Farming

• This is the rearing of fish in ponds or tanks
• It is also called aquaculture
• The best soil to construct a fish pond is clay soil
• Fish kept
  
  1. trout
  2. tilapia
  3. mudfish

Fish Farming In Kenya

1. Sagana - Kirinyaga County
2. Kabaru - Nyeri County
3. Kibos - Kisumu County
4. Ljipe - Taita Taveta County
5. Aruba Dam-taita Taveta
6. Bamburi - Mombasa County
7. Borabu - Kisii County
8. Homa Bay - Homa Bay

Fish Farming In Japan

• Japan is in Asia
• It is the leading producer of fish in the world
• Done in the sheltered areas along the coast
• Practised in the four islands
  
  • Hokkaido
  • Kyoshu
  • Honshu
  • Shikoku
• it has large market for fish
• fish are sold through cooperatives
• fish farming is highly mechanized
• highly supported by the government
• fish have high demand
• fish kept
  
  • oyster
  • prawns
  • trout eeels

Comparison Of Fish Farming In Kenya And Japan

• The school
  • School management
    • The teacher
    • The Deputy Headteacher
    • The Senior Teacher
    • Head prefects
    • Importance of School Administration
  • The school Motto
• The family
  • Main types of Families
  • Needs of Family Members
    • Types of needs
  • Responsibilities of Family Members
• Marriage
  • Religious Marriage
  • Customary Marriage
  • Civil Marriage
  • Importance of Marriage
  • Rights and Responsibilities of Spouses in Marriage
• Succession and Inheritance
• Resources and Economic Activities

The School

• A school is a centre where learning takes place both formally and informally.
• It is also a place where the learners acquire knowledge.

School Management

• The public schools are run by the government through the ministry of education.
• At the district level, the schools are managed by:

1. the District Education Board. (D.E.B)
2. The chairman of the district education board is the district commissioner.
3. The secretary of the District education board is the district education officer (D.E.O)The D.E.O is in charge of all the education matters in the district. He/She:-
   1. Ensures there are teachers in the school.
   2. Inspects schools to ensure standards are set and maintained.
   3. Organizes co-curriculum activities.
   4. Assigns teachers responsibilities by posting and transferring them.

The Teacher

1. He/She is the secretary to the school committee.
2. He/She signs duties and responsibilities to all the teachers in the school
3. Receive information from the ministry and pass them on to teachers.
4. Ensures that the school is stable and runs smoothly.
5. He supervises the work of teachers, pupils and school workers.
6. He ensures that good academic standards are made and maintained.
7. He writes minutes during school committee meetings.
8. He maintains discipline among pupils.

The Deputy Headteacher

1.  He is the principal assistant of the head teacher.
2. He attends to lessons by planning and teaching.
3. He acts in the absence of head teacher.
4. He is in charge of discipline.

The Senior Teacher

1. Ensures all lessons are attended to.
2. Acts in the absence of head teacher and the Deputy head teacher.
3. Plans and teaches the pupils.

Head Prefects (head boy and head girl)

1. They co-ordinate the activities of other prefects.
2. Ensures the pupils are orderly.
3. Prefects act as the eyes of teachers on other pupils.

Importance of School Administration.

1. It promotes high academic standards.
2. It promotes high standards of discipline.
3. It helps in maintaining school facilities like chairs tables and desks.
4. It co-ordinates the daily academic activities in the school.
5. It maintains proper school records.
6. It organizes and promotes co-curricular activities in the schools e.g. games, music, athletics, drama.
7. It acts as the link between the community in school.
8. It ensures that the school maintains cleanliness.
9. It acts as a link between the school and the government education agents like:
   1. Assistant education officers (AEO)
   2. District Education Officers
   3. Provincial director of education
10. It allocates teachers their teaching subjects and other duties.

The School Motto

• It is a phrase that expresses the beliefs of a school.
• It describes the goals that a school intends the school learners to achieve by the time they leave the school.
• School routine is the program of activities in the school either on daily or weekly basis.
• The school timetable forms a major part of the school routine.

The Family

• Family is a group of people who are related by blood or marriage.

Main Types of Family

1. Nuclear family - father, mother and child/children
2. Extended family - nuclear and other relatives.
3. Single parent family - One parent and child/children

Needs of Family Members

• Needs are requirements that are necessary for people to live.

Types of Needs

1. Basic needs - things we cannot do without.
2. Secondary needs - Things that add comfort to our lives but we can do without them.

Resonsibilities of Family Members

• Roles and duties in a family are well defined.

EXAMPLES:

Responsibilities of Parents

1. Providing basic needs for the family.
2. Providing security in the family.
3. Providing medical care for the family.
4. Installing good morals in the children.
5. Providing financial assistance.
6. Teaching religious values.
7. Providing love for the family members.

Marriage

• Marriage is a permanent union between adults.
• Marriage systems recognized in Kenya are:
  1. Religious marriage.
  2. Customary marriage.
  3. Civil marriage.

Religious Marriage

• It is usually conducted in a church , mosque , or a temple.
• A wedding ceremony is conducted.
• Christians and Asian marriages are monogamous (one man and one wife)while Muslim marriages are polygamous (more than one wife).
• Couple exchange marriage vows.
• A marriage certificate is issued.

Customary Marriage

• Conducted according to the African customs and beliefs.
• Polygamy is allowed.
• Bride wealth is given before the wedding ceremony.
• It is usually conducted by the clan elders.

Civil Marriage

• It is presided over by a magistrate or an authorized government officer.
• A couple intending to marry must issue a 21 day notice to the district commissioner or the district registrar of marriage.
• The marriage partners pay a marriage fee.
• A marriage certificate is issued.
• Divorce or separation is granted by a court of law.

Importance of Marriage

1. It provides companionship.
2. It ensures the continuity of the family name and culture.
3. It unites different families hence promotes unity and harmony in the society.
4. It ensures good upbringing of the children.
5. It provides security and legal rights to the children, wife, and the husband.
6. It helps to regulate social behavior of the couple.
7. It helps to enrich culture especially when man and wife are responsible.

Rights and Responsibilities of Spouses in Marriage

1. To be loyal and faithful to each other.
2. To stand by each other as a source of comfort and strength.
3. To love one another.
4. To give each other emotional and physical security and protection.
5. To earn an income to support the family.
6. To promote the family’s standard of living.
7. To discuss the decisions regarding the family matters.
8. They should be caring to the children.

Succession and Inheritance

• Succession means taking over property after the owner dies or give up ownership.
• Inheritance is receiving property left behind when the owner dies.
• People succeed or inherit the estate (belonging of the deceased ) through:
  1. customary laws
  2. written wills
  3. parliamentary acts (law of succession).
• The property of the diseased is called an estate.
• A written document that shows how the property of the deceased should be shared out is known as the will.
• The person who inherits the estates of the deceased is known as an heir.
• The distribution of the estate of the deceased is done by:
  1. Court of law.
  2. The public trustee.
  3. The bearer of the letter of administration or the grant of probate.
• The authority to manage the estate is granted by a court of law.
• The following are entitled to the estate of the deceased :
  
  1. wife or wives
  2. former wife ( in case of a divorce in a court of law).
  3. sons
  4. daughters
  5. parents
  6. Any other person with proof that they depend on the deceased.
• Where both the parents have died, the adult first born child should apply to get a letter of administration, if the parent did not leave a will or a grant of probate, if the parent left a will.
  NB: daughters of the deceased whether married or not have the right to benefit from the property of the deceased.

Resources and Economic Activities.

1. Resources are the things that are useful to human beings e.g. Soil, water, money, land, forest, mineral, wildlife, domestic animals.
2. Economic activities are the different ways that we use the resources to earn income.
3. The main economic activities in Kenya include:
   1. Transport and communication.
   2. Livestock keeping.
   3. Wildlife and tourism.
   4. Fishing.
   5. Mining.
   6. Crop farming.
   7. Forestry.
   8. Manufacturing.