INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- This paper consists of Three sections A, B and C
- Answer ALL the questions in Section A and Three questions from Section B and Two questions from Section C
- ALL answers should be in English
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section
- Identify two ways through which archaeologists obtain information on the history of Kenya. (2mks)
- What was the original homeland of the Eastern Cushites. (1mk)
- Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the Pre-colonial period. (2mks)
- State the role of the age set among Kenyan communities. (1mk)
- State the main reason why slaves were on high demand along the East African coast in the 19th century. (1mk)
- State two reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries in East Africa in the 19th century. (2mks)
- State two ways in which the Constitution can be amended in Kenya. (2mks)
- Give two functions of the Legislative Council (Legco) during the colonial period. (2mks)
- State two functions of the African welfare organizations in urban centres during the colonial period (2mks)
- Mention one contribution of Daniel Arap Moi towards Nations Building. (1mk)
- One parliamentary election held in Kenya (1mk)
- State two ways in which the government has promoted the culture of the people of Kenya since independence. (2mks)
- What is the main purpose for the establishment of the equalization fund in Kenya (1mk)
- State one way through which the opposition political parties in Kenya check on the government’s excesses. (1mk)
- State two feature of African socialism in Kenya (2mks)
- Name the education commission that recommended the introduction of 8.4.4 education (1mk)
- Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the national government (1mk)
SECTION B: (45 MARKS):
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.
-
- Outline five reasons for the migration of the Luo form their original homeland. (5mks)
- Describe the political organization of the luo during the pre-colonial period. (10mks)
-
- State three terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. (3mks)
- Explain six problems experienced by the imperial British East Africa company to establish colonial rule in Kenya (12mk)
-
- Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African union in the struggle for independence (5mks)
- Describe five political roles played by African elected members of parliament during the struggle for independence (10mks)
-
- State three challenges that hinder government effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya (3mks)
- Explain six factors which have undermined the provision of the health services by the government of Kenya (12mks)
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
-
- give three circumstances in which ones right of life may be taken away (3mks)
- Explain six civil responsibilities of Kenya citizen (12mks)
-
- Give three reasons why elections are regularly held in Kenya. (3mks)
- Describe the process of law-making in Kenya. (12mks)
-
- State three roles of the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) (3mks)
- Explain six ways in which the county government raise their revenue (12mks)
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section\
- Identify two ways through which archaeologists obtain information on the history of Kenya. (2mks)
- Locating pre-historic sites
- Excating/digging the site
- Dating the fossils and arteacts
- Recording the findings
- Locating pre-historic sites
- What was the original homeland of the Eastern Cushites. (1mk)
- Ethiopian highlands
- Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the Pre-colonial period. (2mks)
- Competition for land
- Competition for water and pasture
- To proof military might
- Raiding activities.
- Competition for land
- State the role of the age set among Kenyan communities. (1mk)
- It provided warriors
- It provided leadership
- It united the initiates/created a bond
- It provided warriors
- State the main reason why slaves were on high demand along the East African coast in the 19th century. (1mk)
- Development of plantations/to work on plantations
- State two reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries in East Africa in the 19th century. (2mks)
- They came to spread Christianity
- They came to spread western civilization/promote formal education
- They came to stop/abolish slave trade/promote legitimate trade.
- They came to explore/adventure
- Came to counter the spread of Islam
- They came to spread Christianity
- State two ways in which the Constitution can be amended in Kenya. (2mks)
- Through parliament
- Through the Constitution Review Commission
- Amendment by popular vote/referendum
- Through parliament
- Give two functions of the Legislative Council (Legco) during the colonial period. (2mks)
- It made laws for the land
- It presented peoples’ interests
- It advised the British governor
- It made laws for the land
- State two functions of the African welfare organizations in urban centres during the colonial period (2mks)
- Aroused political awareness among people.
- Organized social activities e.g. Sports and games, burial, medical care.
- They sponsored students to study abroad/provided education
- Mention one contribution of Daniel Arap Moi towards Nations Building. (1mk)
- He introduced the Nyayo Philosophy of peace love and unity that urged Kenyans to be mindful of other people‘s welfare.
- During his tenure, there was tremendous increase of educational institutions. This he achieved through Harambee fund raisings.
- He introduced a feeding programmee in primary schools which further boosted enrolment in schools.
- He expanded medical facilities by organizing the building of the Nyayo Wards across the country.
- He also improved the transport sector in Kenya in the early years through construction of new roads and launching of the Nyayo buses.
- He presided over the improvement of the agricultural sector. For example, through the establishment of the Nyayo Tea Zones, there was an increase in tea production.
- He ably represented Kenya in international meetings of United Nations and OAU.
- One parliamentary election held in Kenya (1mk)
- General
- By election
- State two ways in which the government has promoted the culture of the people of Kenya since independence. (2mks)
- The government has incorporated some aspects of cultural studies in the school curriculum.
- It has promoted competition between schools and other institutions.
- Government also encourages intermarriages.
- The government has created the Ministry of culture.
- Has allowed freedom of worship.
- Government has established various learning institutions where different communities interact
- What is the main purpose for the establishment of the equalization fund in Kenya (1mk)
- Provide basic services e.g health waters, roads, electricity to marginalized areas
- State one way through which the opposition political parties in Kenya check on the government’s excesses. (1mk)
- They point out the mistakes made by the government.
- They point out misuse of public resources.
- State two feature of African socialism in Kenya (2mks)
- Political democracy.
- Mutual social responsibility.
- Various forms of ownership.
- Progressive taxation.
- Equity as a range of controls are set.
- Diffusion of ownership
- Name the education commission that recommended the introduction of 8.4.4 education(1mk)
- Mackay commission
- Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the national government (1mk)
- Capital expenditure
- Recurrent expenditure
SECTION B: (45 MARKS):
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.
-
- Outline five reasons for the migration of the Luo form their original homeland. (5mks)
- Due to Population pressure in their cradle land
- Internal conflicts/ clan conflicts
- External attacks from hostile neighbours
- They migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure / exploration / curiosity.
- Natural calamities e.g. floods.
- Natural epidemics e.g. disease and famine.
- Desire for greener pasture and water for their livestock.
- New fishing areas.
- Due to Population pressure in their cradle land
- Describe the political organization of the luo during the pre-colonial period. (10mks)
- The family was the lowest unit and its head was the father who was referred to as Jaduong’.
- Several related families formed a clan.
- There were lineage councils (Buch Dhoot) which settled domestic issues.
- A council of elders existed in the clan which was responsible for settling interfamily disputes called Doho.
- Clans were grouped together to form Oganda headed by a chief elder (Ruoth/Gweng’).
- There existed a council of elders (Buch Piny) which comprised of representatives from each clan and mainly settled inter-clan disputes.
- There was a class of warriors (Thuondi) headed by a war leader (OsumbaMrwayi) and its main responsibility was to defend the community.
- The Luo was a decentralized community as they did not have an overall leader.
- Religious leaders eg. diviners, medicine men, healers, rainmakers etc influenced their politics.
- The family was the lowest unit and its head was the father who was referred to as Jaduong’.
- Outline five reasons for the migration of the Luo form their original homeland. (5mks)
-
- State three terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. (3mks)
- The Sultan of Zanzibar was granted a 16km coastal strip; the offshore islands of Pate, Mafia, Lamu, Pemba and Zanzibar and the towns of Kismayu, Brava, merca and Mogadishu.
- The coastiline of Witu and the territory between River umba and River Ruvuma were to become German spheres of influence.
- The British were to acquire the territory between River Umba and River Juba to the north.
- The western boundary wa not defined and Uganda was up for grabs by whichever power got there first.
- The Sultan of Zanzibar was granted a 16km coastal strip; the offshore islands of Pate, Mafia, Lamu, Pemba and Zanzibar and the towns of Kismayu, Brava, merca and Mogadishu.
- Explain six problems experienced by the imperial British East Africa company to establish colonial rule in Kenya (12mks)
- There was scarcity of mineral wealth and profitable export commodities which made it difficult for the company to generate enough wealth to meet the cost of administration.
- There was poor transport network which made movement of goods slow/ difficult/ expensive thereby making the enterprise less profitable.
- There was lack of proper co-ordination between the company headquarters in Britain and the officials in Kenya hence delays/ waste and misunderstandings.
- The company officials lacked the experience which was necessary for the success of the administration in the protectorate.
- Some of the company officials were corrupt and therefore concentrated on their personal enrichment at the expense of the enterprise.
- Resistance from the local communities posed a great challenge to the company as it had to administer and at the same time suppress the communities.
- There was inadequate capital to carry out its operations thus making the administration of the protectorate ineffective.
- Unfavourable climatic conditions/ tropical diseases claimed lives of some of the company personnel.
- Lack of enough personnel.
- Rivalry from German East Africa affected its operations.
- State three terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. (3mks)
-
- Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African union in the struggle for independence (5mks)
- Betrayal by some Africans undermined its activities/wrangles between moderates and radicals.
- Insufficient/inadequate funds hampered its activities.
- Opposition from the colonial government/settlers.
- Repressive laws restricted its activities.
- Arrest/detention of its leaders after the declaration of a state of emergency frustrated its members.
- Lack of proper communication channels.
- Banning of the party in 1953
- Ethnic divisions/fear of dominance by larger communities
- Lack of political awareness due to illiteracy
- Describe five political roles played by African elected members of parliament during the struggle for independence (10mks)
- They demanded for the release of detained/imprisoned African nationalists.
- They networked with other PanAfricanists to hasten the achievement of independence.
- They aired/presented African grievances in international fora.
- They formed political parties/movements to demand for independence/rights ofAfricans.
- They popularized Kenyatta thereby making him acceptable as a national leader.
- They took part in the writing of the independence constitution/Lancaster House.
- They enlightened/educated other Africans on the need to struggle for independence.
- They advocated for an increase in African representation in the LegCo
- Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African union in the struggle for independence (5mks)
-
- State three challenges that hinder government effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya (3mks)
- Traditional/cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from schooling.
- Lack of enough schools/inadequate educational facilities has made education inaccessible in some regions/shortage of teachers.
- High poverty levels in the society has made education unaffordable.
- Misconceptions that one can succeed without education.
- Nomadic ways of life in some communities has hampered provision of education.
- Negative attitude towards adult education programmes has resulted in low enrolment
- Insecurity in some regions
- Traditional/cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from schooling.
- Explain six factors which have undermined the provision of the health services by the government of Kenya (12mks)
- Inadequate funding by the government which has into provision of poor services
- Corruption in the health sector has made it difficult for the government to provide equipment /facilities/ medicine required
- Inadequate hospitals / dispensaries / health centres make it difficult for many people to access health services / high population
- Poor payment / remuneration of health workers has demoralized them hence making them less productive / brain
- Frequent / industrial unrest by health workers has resulted into death / suffering of many patients
- Inadequate facilities / equipments has made it difficult for the public to access quality service
- Poor supervision of health workers has led to infilitration of the sector by un qualified health providers
- The spread of HIV/AIDS / terminal diseases like cancer
- Poverty / cost sharing policy has hindered some people accessing health services
- State three challenges that hinder government effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya (3mks)
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
-
- State three circumstances that can make a Kenyan citizen to be denied the right lo life. (3 marks)
- When defending one self/property
- When effecting a lawful arrest
- When preventing escape of a lawfully detailed person
- When preventing a person from committing a crime/folony
- In a situation of war
- When suppressing a riot/rebellion/mutiny Any 3x1 = 3 marks
- When defending one self/property
- Explain six Civic responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (12 marks)
- Every citizen has a responsibility to respect and obey the law to enhance peace and stability.
- Every citizen should protect the law by reporting law breakers and not harboring criminals.
- Every citizen should participate in the democratic processes in the country for example, registering as voters and offering themselves for elective positions.
- It is the responsibility of every citizen to obtain and maintain valid documents such as national identity cards and birth certificate.
- Every Kenyan citizen should attend and actively participate in public meetings, barazas and public debate.
- Every Kenyan citizen should protect the rights and freedoms of all people in the society for peaceful co-existence. Any 6x2 =12 marks
- State three circumstances that can make a Kenyan citizen to be denied the right lo life. (3 marks)
-
- Give three reasons why elections are regularly held in Kenya. (3mks)
- It is a constitutional requirement
- To give Kenyans a chance to choose leaders they can trust.
- To keep leaders on their toes as they can be voted out
- To give Kenyans a chance to exercise their democratic rights.
- It brings in new blood and ideas in parliament.
- Describe the process of law-making in Kenya. (12mks)
- Draft stage – the Attorney General has the duty to draft the details of the proposed legislation.
- First reading-bill presented to the parliament and no debate takes place.
- Second reading – bill debated upon, amendments can be made on it, can be rejected or its discussion postponed.
- Committee stage – bill is studied by a committee and is re-written to include any suggestions made during second reading.
- Report stage-reporting of the amended bill to the whole house.
- Third reading – further debate is allowed and new amendments to the bills could be made/voting takes place
- Presidential assent – the President signs the bill to become an act of parliament.
- It is then published in the Kenya gazette for public knowledge and awareness
- Give three reasons why elections are regularly held in Kenya. (3mks)
-
- State three roles of the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) (3mks)
- Making recommendation concerning basis for equitable sharing of resources
Making recommedations on matters concerning the financing of/ financial management by county government - To define/enhance the revenue sources of the county and national government
- To encourage fiscal /financial responsibility
- To determine/ publish / regularly review policy which sets out criteria for identifying the marginalized areas
- Making recommendation concerning basis for equitable sharing of resources
- Explain six ways through which the County Government raise revenue (12 marks)
- County government receives equitably shared national revenue from the Consolidated Fund.
- The county government raises revenue from the charges for services offered such as parking fees.
- Conditional and unconditional grants from the national government.
- Loans from the capital market
- Property rates on the county property.
- Profits from county investments.
- Contingencies Fund for urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure from the National Government.
- The use of Equalization Fund from the National Government which only caters for provision of basic services like water, electricity, roads and health services in the marginalized areas.
- Tax imposed for example entertainment tax.
- State three roles of the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) (3mks)
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