Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2021 Past Papers

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SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section.

1. State two climatic conditions favouring coffee growing in the Kenya highlands. (2 marks)
2. Give three problems facing coffee farming in Kenya. (3 marks)
1. What is land reclamation? (2 marks)
2. State three physical factors that influenced the location of Perkerra Irrigation Scheme. (3 marks)
1. Differentiate between game reserves and national parks.(2 marks)
2. Give three ways in which tourism is significant to Switzerland. (3 marks)
1. Apart from railway transport, name two other means of transport. (2 marks)
2. Outline three advantages of railway transport. (3 marks)
1. Identify two types of internal trade (b)
2. State three economic benefits of the European Union to member countries. (3 marks)

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

Study the photograph provided and answer question 6(a). (1 mark)
1. 1. Identify the type of photograph shown above.
  2. What time of the day was the above photograph taken? (1 mark)
  3. Draw a rectangle measuring 15 cm by 10 cm. On it, sketch and label the features shown on the photograph. (6 marks)
2. 1. List three rivers in Kenya which cause large scale flooding. (3 marks)
  2. Explain four effects of flooding in Kenya. (8 marks)
3. Explain three ways through which floods can be controlled in Kenya. (6 marks)
1. Name two main horticultural crops that are grown in Kenya. (2 marks)
2. 1. Why is horticultural produce mainly exported by air? (3 marks)
  2. Give four reasons why flowers are mostly grown in greenhouses in Kenya. (4 marks)
3. Explain the contribution of horticulture to the economy of Kenya. (8 marks)
4. Explain the differences between horticulture farming in Kenya and Netherlands. (8 marks)
1. Define the term energy. (2 marks)
2. 1. Apart from water, list three other renewable sources of energy which are exploited in Kenya. (3 marks)
  2. Explain four physical factors that favoured the development of the Seven Forks hydro-electric power projects. (8 marks)
3. Give four disadvantages of using coal as a source of energy. (4 marks)
4. Explain four effects of energy crisis in Kenya. (8 marks)
1. 1. Apart from motor vehicle assembly, name three other non agricultural manufacturing industries in Kenya. (3 marks)
    Use the map of Kenya below to answer question 9(a)(ii).
  2. Name towns marked X, Y and Z where motor vehicles are assembled. (3 marks)
2. Explain how each of the following factors influence location of industries: (i)
  1. Transport and communication (4 marks)
  2. Labour. (4 marks)
3. State three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages establishment of industries in the rural areas. (3 marks)
4. Explain four challenges of industrialisation in Kenya. (8 marks)
1. State three reasons why it is necessary for a country to carry out population census. (3 marks)
2. Explain economic factors that influence population distribution in East Africa. (6 marks)
3. 1. Outline four measures that have been taken by the government of Kenya to reduce the infant mortality rate (4 marks)
  2. State four effects of a high ageing population in a country. (4 marks)
4. Explain four causes of urban - rural migration in Kenya

MARKING SCHEME

1. State two climatic conditions favouring coffee growing in the Kenya highlands.
  - High rainfall/1000-2000mm/well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
  - Moderate/high temperature/14-30°C
  - Shelter from direct sunlight
  - Requires two months dry period for flowering.
  - Cool/warm/hot conditions.
  - Frost free conditions.
2. Give three problems facing coffee farming in Kenya
  - Inadequate/unreliable rainfall/drought lowers quality.
  - Pest and Diseases destroy the crop.
  - Soil exhaustion due to monoculture
  - Poor transport network/feeder roads
  - High cost of farm inputs/inadequate capital
  - Mismanagement of coffee co-operatives/factories/embezzlement
  - Fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market.
  - Competition from other crops/land use
  - Delayed payments to farmers
  - Shortage of labour during harvesting Any 3x1=3 marks
1. What is land reclamation?
  - Land reclamation is the process in which unproductive land is converted into useful land for crop/livestock farming/settlement
2. State three physical factors that influenced the location of Perkerra irrigation Scheme
  - Presence of soils rich in minerals nutrients/clay/loamy soils
  - Availability of large tracks of land.
  - Availability of water from Pekerra river
  - Presence of gentle sloping land/undulating land
  - Inadequate rainfall//semi-arid/dry conditions
1. Differentiate between game reserves and national parks.
  - Game reserves are areas set aside for wildlife with limited human
    activities, and managed by county government, while national parks are areas set aside for wildlife/scenic/historical sites
  - where human activities are prohibited and are managed by central government.
  - Game reserves are managed by county governments while national parks are managed by national government. 2 marks
2. Give three significances of tourism to Switzerland.
  - The industry offers job opportunities
  - The country earns foreign exchange
  - Earnings from tourism promote development of other sectors of economy
  - It facilitates economical use of unproductive areas
  - The country earns revenue through taxation
  - It promotes international relations/diplomacy
  - Promotes conservation of environment/heritage Any 3 x 1=3 marks
1. Apart from railway transport, name two other means of transport.
  - Road transport
  - Water transport
  - Air transport
  - Pipeline transport
  - Human/animal transport Any 2 x 1=2 marks
2. Outline three advantages of railway transport
  - It is convenient for transporting variety of goods.
  - It is used to carry bulky/heavy goods.
  - It is more efficient/reliable due to fixed time schedule/no traffic jams
  - The trains are less prone to accidents
  - It has low maintenance cost/cheap mode of transport
  - The railway line uses little land space
  - Electric trains are faster
  - It is less affected by weather changes Any 3 x 1=3 marks
1. Identify the two types of internal trade.
  - Wholesale trade
  - Retail trade 2 marks
2. State three economic benefits of the European Union to member countries.
  - Removal of tariffs/duties
  - There is free movement of people/goods/services among member states
  - Integration/cooperation among member states
  - Provision of loans/grants to the member states through European Investment Bank/European Central Bank
  - There is expansion of trade/market among member states
  - Creation of a common currency/Euro making transactions easy.
  - It promotes development of agriculture in the member states Any 3 x 1=3 marks

SECTION B

Study the photography provided, and answer questions (a)
1. 1. Identofy the type of photograph shown above
    - Ground general view.
  2. Explain four effects of flooding in Kenya
    - Afternoon/12:01pm-4:00pm/ mid- morning/9:00am-11:59am (1 mark)
  3. Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm. On it sketch and Label the features shown on the photograph
2. 1. List three rivers in Kenya which cause large nscale flooding.
    - River Yala
    - River Nyando
    - River Nzoia
    - River Kuja
    - River Tana
    - River Ewaso Nyiro
    - River Sondu Miriu Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
  2. Explain four effects of flooding in Kenya
    - Flooding causes water logging/leaching of the soils hence lowering crop production.
    - Flooding creates stagnant water that causes diseases which weaken people/cause death.
    - Floods destroy transport/communication networks hence hindering movement of people/goods/services
    - Flooding leads to loss of property making it costly to replace it Flooding leads to loss of life
    - Floods disrupts the farmers calendar/destroy crops causing food shortages/famine
    - Flooding leads to destruction of human settlement leaving people homeless/displaces people.
    - A lot of money is used for dredging silt deposits in rivers/lakes/ dams/reservoirs caused by flooding.
    - Flooding destroys aquatic habitats hence reducing fish
    - Floods deposit alluvial soils ideal for agriculture. Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks
3. Explain three ways through which floods can be controlled in Kenya
  - Planting of vegetation along the riverbanks/river catchment areas to reduce surface run off/increase seepage
  - Construction of dykes/embankments to restrict the overflow of rivers
  - Regular dredging/cleaning the drainage system to accommodate more water/ease the flow of water
  - Construction of dams/canals/water pans/water reservoirs to reduce the velocity of river downstream
  - Realigning/straightening river meanders to reduce friction and enable quick flow of water.
  - Construction of drainage channels/ditches/furrows to drain away excess water Any 3x2 = 6 marks
1. 1. Name two main horticultural crops that are grown in Kenya
    - Flowers
    - Fruits
    - Vegetables Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
  2. Why is horticultural produce mainly exported by air?
    - Horticultural crops are highly perishable
    - They are in high demand hence require urgent supply
    - Some crops are light in weight thus suitable for export by air
    - They are highly priced hence can compensate for cost of air transport
    - Most of the markets are in far countries. Any 3x1 = 3 marks
2. Give four reasons why flowers are mostly grown in green houses in Kenya
  - In order to protect flowers from excessive rainfall/strong wind/hail stones
  - To enable plants to be watered constantly
  - In order to control pest/ diseases easily
  - To enable plants, enjoy controlled/optimum moisture/temperatures
  - To allow flowers to be grown throughout the year
  - In order to control weeds easily Any 4 x 1=4 marks
3. Explain the contribution of horticulture to the economy of Kenya
  - Horticulture has offered employment opportunities to many people and the farmers earn income from sale of produce hence raising their living standards
  - It has provided raw materials to agro-based industries thus promoting their growth/diversifying the economy
  - It earns the country foreign exchange which is used to develop other sectors of economy
  - It has led to the expansion and development of transport thus improving accessibility to many areas
  - It earns the government revenue through taxes/licenses which is used to develop the country
  - Horticulture has increased food supply hence promoting food security Any 4 x 2 8 marks
4. Describe the differences between horticulture farming in Kenya and Netherlands
  - In Netherlands, there is more advanced technology used to enhance horticulture while in Kenya the technology is low
  - In Netherlands there is well developed transport system which facilitates movement of horticultural produce while in Kenya transport networks are less well developed
  - In Netherlands there is highly skilled manpower while in Kenya there is low skilled manpower.
  - In Netherlands farmers have more access to capital while in Kenya they have limited access to capital
  - Netherlands has well organized marketing strategies while in Kenya marketing is poorly coordinated
  - In Netherlands horticulture farming enjoys more advanced research while in Kenya research in horticulture is low.
  - Netherlands horticultural crops are in high demand both locally and internationally while in Kenya the local demand is low.
1. Define the term energy?
  - Energy is the power/fuel needed to run a machine/assist people in production.
2. 1. Apart from water, list three other renewable sources of energy which are exploited in Kenya
    - Wind
    - Solar/sun
    - Steam/geothermal steam
    - Biomass/Biogas
    - Wood fuel
    - Draught animals Any 3 x 1=3 marks
  2. Explain four physical factors that favoured the development of the Seven Forks hydro-electric power projects.
    - Presence of large volume of water from River Tana and its tributaries to provide water to drive the turbines.
    - Regular/constant flow of River Tana which enabled continuous production of electricity
    - Presence of hard basement rock along the site which provided a firm foundation for the dams
    - Availability of enough space for construction of dams/reservoirs due to low population in the area.
    - Presence of waterfalls/rapids/steep gradient which provided sufficient hydraulic force to turn the turbines
    - Presence of impervious rock which prevents seepage of water underground
    - Presence of a gorge/deep valley which reduced the cost in construction of dam.
3. Give four disadvantages of using coal
  - Coal is black/sooty/dirty.
  - It produces smoke which pollutes the environment/It is radioactive
  - It is exhaustible/non-renewable
  - It leads to environmental degradation/large open pits are left behind.
  - It is bulky to transport
  - It produces low heat/energy value/low calorific value
  - It is expensive to mine Any 4x 1 = 4 marks
4. Explain four effects of energy crisis in Kenya.
  - Increase in fuel prices leads to increased cost of transport which triggers price increase in all commodities/services//inflation
  - High cost of fuels increases the cost of production hence slowing down industrial growth/low consumption of goods/lay off workers/ closure of industries
  - Oil crisis leads to scarcity of oil by products leading to shortage of raw materials for certain industries/high prices of by products
  - Increase in oil prices lead to an increase in cost of farm inputs which in turn leads to low agricultural production/food shortages
  - Increase in oil prices lead to high cost of goods thus lowering their consumption
  - Increase in crude oil prices lowers the foreign currency reserves which brings about unfavourable balance of trade/slows down the rate of economic growth Any 4x 2 = 4 marks
1. 1. Apart from motor vehicle assembly, name three other non- agricultural manufacturing industries in Kenya
    - Glass making
    - Oil refinery
    - Cement factories
    - Pulp and paper industry
    - Iron/Steel/aluminum rolling mills
    - Pharmaceutical industries
    - Clay/ceramics industries Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
  2. Name the towns marked x, y and z where motor vehicles are assembled.
    - X - Thika
    - Y - Nairobi
    - Z - Mombasa 3 marks
2. Explain how the following factors influence the location of industries (
  1. Transport and communication
    - Well developed transport network facilitates transporting of raw materials to the industries/finished products to the market
    - Well developed transport and communication networks attract more industrial investors in an area
    - Areas with poorly developed transport and communication networks discourage setting up of industries
    - Industries depend on good communication network to keep in touch with customers/suppliers Any 2 x 2-4 mark=
  2. Labour
    - Industries that require intensive labour are located in areas that are highly populated/adequate supply of needed labour
    - Industries require personnel with managerial skills to ensure maximum output at low production cost
    - Industries that require personnel who are semi-skilled are located in areas with high population
    - Industries requiring highly skilled labour force tend to be located in major towns where there is adequate skilled personnel/training facilities.com/membershiny Any 2 x 2=4 marks
3. State three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages establishment of industries in the rural areas.
  - To improve transport/communication networks/opening the rural areas
  - To diversify the economy/reduce over reliance on agriculture.
  - To create employment opportunities in rural areas/reduce rural- urban migration
  - To improve/set up social amenities in the rural areas
  - To enable people in the rural areas, sell their products/raw materials to the industries
  - To make use of the locally available raw materials
  - To decongest major towns Any 3 x 1=3 marks
4. Explain four challenges of industrialization in Kenya
  - Some industries lead to displacement of people disrupting their economic/social life
  - Some industries emit gases that are toxic causing harm to human/ animals
  - Industrialization leads to rural-urban migration increasing urban population hence shortage of houses/congestion/increase in crime rate
  - Uncontrolled disposal/dumping of industrial wastes leading to land degradation
  - Industrial wastes/effluents pollute water sources making it unfit for human/animal consumption
  - Fumes emitted by chemical industries corrode metallic roofs hence destroying them
  - There is imbalance in economic development due to concentration of infrastructure/social services in the industrial centres.
  - Industrialization may cause neglect of agriculture sector leading to shortage of food/importation of food
    Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks
1. State three reasons why it is necessary for a country to carry out population census.
  - To help in the distribution of resources
  - For planning purposes/policy making
  - To help in creating administrative units/boundaries
  - To identify the rates of birth/death
  - To help in estimating population growth.
  - To determine the total number of people. Any 3 x 1=3 marks
2. Explain economic factors that influence population distribution in East Africa
  - In East Africa people tend to migrate from rural areas to urban centres to seek employment leading to an increase in urban population/low population in rural areas
  - Areas where industries are located have dense population since many people are employed/seek employment/offer services
  - Areas that are well served with good transport network attract dense population/areas with poor transport network have sparse population
  - Mining activities attract people looking for jobs/trade leading to dense population/displace people affecting the population distribution.
    Any 3 x 2=6 marks
3. 1. Outline four measures that have been taken by the government of Kenya to reduce infant mortality rate
    - Improving medical facilities/ enhancing immunization programmes for children to control diseases
    - Educating/creating awareness on better care of the children
    - Granting longer maternity leave for mothers/paternity leave
    - Encouraging use of family planning techniques/manageable families
    - Carrying out research on infant related diseases
    - Encouraging parents to feed their children on balanced diet/ better nutrition.
    - Providing free medical services for infants
    - Training of traditional mid wives Any 4 x 1=4 marks
  2. State four effects of a high ageing population in a country
    - Increased cost of health care as the aged are more prone to illnesses
    - Increased dependency ratio
    - Shortage of labour force
    - Slow economic growth/low revenue collection
    - Under utilization of social amenities
    - Inadequate local market for goods. Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks
4. Explain four causes of urban-rural migration in Kenya
  - Insecurity/high crime rate in urban centres has led to some people moving to rural areas which are secure/safer
  - People move from urban centres to seek for employment in the industries located in rural areas/county governments/job transfer
  - Shortage of housing facilities in urban centres has made some people move to the suburbs/small towns where there are houses
  - Some people move to the rural areas after retirement to settle
  - Some people move from urban centres to invest in the rural areas where resources are cheap
  - Pollution related diseases in urban centres have made some people move to rural areas where there is less pollution
  - High cost of living in urban centres make people to move to rural areas where the cost of living is low. Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks