- This paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
- Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from section C.
- Candidates should answer the questions in English.
- Give two factors which led to the migration and settlement of the Iteso into Kenya by 1800. (2 marks)
- State two reasons why Kenyan communities fought during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks)
- Give the main reason why early visitors from Arabia came to the Kenyan Coast before 1500. (1 mark)
- Highlight two reasons why the Agiriama were opposed to British colonial rule. (2 marks)
- Write two terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. (2 marks)
- What was the main reason for the formation of the Ukamba Members Association? (1 mark)
- Define the term constitution. (2 marks)
- Give one reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities with other races during the colonial period. (1 mark)
- Mention two recommendations of the Lyttelton constitution of 1954. (2 marks)
- What was the main ideological difference between Kenya Africa National Union (KANU) and Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) before independence in 1963? (1 mark)
- Name the Scottish trader who killed 100 Maasai during the Kedong’ massacre. (1 mark)
- Who formed the Kenya People’s Union in 1966? (1 mark)
- Outline two education commissions established in Kenya before independence. (2 marks)
- Identify two national philosophies which have been used in Kenya since independence. (2 marks)
- Give one type of parliamentary election held in Kenya. (1 mark)
- Write two roles of the Director of Public Prosecution in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the National Government of Kenya. (1 mark)
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
Answer any THREE questions from this section in the foolscaps provided.
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- Outline three stages in the Portuguese Conquest of the Coastal towns upto 1510.(3 marks)
- Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast. (12 marks)
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- State three ways through which communities in Kenya interacted during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks)
- Describe six aspects of the political organization of the Somali in Kenya. (12 marks)
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- List five principles of democracy. (5 marks)
- Explain five characteristics of human rights. (10 marks)
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- Write five challenges that hinder government’s effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya. (5 marks)
- Explain five challenges facing the agricultural sector in Kenya. (10 marks)
SECTIONC (30 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section
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- What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya? (5 marks)
- Describe five roles of presiding officers during elections in Kenya. (10 marks)
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- Name the three national security organs in Kenya. (3 marks)
- Explain six factors that make it difficult for the correctional services department in Kenya to work effectively. (12 marks)
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- Write five accounts that the Auditor-General is mandated to audit. (5 marks)
- Explain five functions of the Commission on Revenue Allocation. (10 marks)
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
- Give two factors which led to the migration and settlement of the Iteso into Kenya by 1800. (2 marks)
- Search for land/pasture/water for their livestock.
- Family/clan feuds /internal conflicts.
- Externals attacks.
- Population pressure.
- Outbreak of diseases/epidemics
- Natural calamities e.g. drought.
- Spirit of adventure. (Any 2x1=2 marks)
- State two reasons why Kenyan communities fought during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks)
- Competition for land for cultivation/settlement.
- Competition for water and pasture.
- Cattle raids.
- To show their military strength. (Any 2x1=2 marks)
- Give the main reason why early visitors from Arabia came to the Kenyan Coast before 1500. (1 mark)
- To trade/commerce.
- Highlight two reasons why the Agiriama were opposed to British colonial rule.(2 marks)
- Land alienation.
- Imposition of taxes.
- Forced labour.
- Disruption of coastal trade by the British.
- Loss of independence.
- Culture interference/raping women. (Any 2x1=(2marks)
- Write two terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. (2 marks)
- A 10km coastal strip was awarded to the sultan of Zanzibar.
- The islands of Pemba, Pate,Mafia,Zanzibar and Lamu were given to the sultan of Zanzibar.
- Witu and the territory between river Umba and river Ruvuma were given to the Germans.
- The territory between river Umba and Juba were given to the British.
- The western boundary was not defined and Uganda was up for grabs to whichever power got there first. (Any 2x1=(2marks)
- What was the main reason for the formation of the Ukamba Members Association?(1 mark)
- To oppose the colonial policy of destocking.
- Define the term constitution. (2 marks)
- Is a set of agreed principles and rules which states the structure and powers of a government and the relationship between the governor and the governed.
- Give one reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities with other races during the colonial period. (1 mark)
- Europeans aimed to produce and maintain a semi- skilled labour force for the colony.
- Fear of competition from educated Africans/racial discrimination. (Any 1x1=1 marks)
- Mention two recommendations of the Lyttelton constitution of 1954. (2 marks)
- Creation of a multi – racial society where all races would share political power.
- Creation of multi – racial council of ministers to replace governors executive council.
- Lifting of a ban on political organizations (1955).
- Each race should elect its own representatives to the legco. (Any 2x1=(2 marks)
- What was the main ideological difference between Kenya Africa National Union (KANU) and Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) before independence in 1963?
- Whereas KANU favoured a unitary type of government KADU preferred federalism/majimbolism. (1 mark)
- Name the British soldier who killed 100 Maasai during the Kedong massacre (1 mark)
- Andrew Dick.
- Who formed the Kenya People’s Union in 1966? (1 mark)
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga.
- Outline two education commissions established in Kenya before independence (2 marks)
- Fraser commission of 1908.
- Phelps – stoke commission of 1924.
- Beecher commission of 1949.
- Binns commission of 1952. (Any 2x1=(2 marks)
- Identify two national philosophies which have been used in Kenya since independence. (2 marks)
- African socialism.
- Harambee.
- Nyayoism. (Any 2x1= (2 marks)
- Give one type of parliamentary election held in Kenya. (1 mark)
- General election.
- By – election. (Any 1x1=(1 marks)
- Write two roles of the Director of Public Prosecution in Kenya. (2 marks)
- He/she exercises state powers of prosecution.
- He/she institutes and undertakes criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a courts martial) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed.
- Has power to direct the Inspector – General of the national police service to investigate any information or allegation of criminal conduct.
- May take over and continue any criminal proceedings commenced in any court (other than a courts martial) that have instituted or undertaken by another person or authority.
- He/she may discontinue, at any stage before judgement is delivered, any criminal proceedings instituted by the D.P.P.
(Any 2x1= (2 marks)
- Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the National Government of Kenya. (1 mark)
- Capital expenditure.
- Recurrent expenditure. (Any 1x1=(1 mark)
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
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- Outline three stages in the Portuguese Conquest of the Coastal towns upto 1510. (3 marks)
- 1500 – Pedro Alvares Cabral conqured sofala.
- 1502 – Vasco Da Gama attacked the town of kilwa and demanded tribute.
- 1503 – Ruy Laurenco Rowasco conqured Zanzibar and other coastal towns.
- 1505 – Mombasa and Kilwa were conquered by Francisco D’ Almeida.
- Between 1506 – 1507 Lamu was conquered by Tristan da Cunha.
- 1509 – Mafia, Pemba and Zanzibar were brought under Portuguese rule. (Any 3x1=(3 marks)
- Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast. (12 marks)
- The decline of the Indian Ocean trade denied them revenue to support their rule.
- Portuguese officials were corrupt and pocketed funds which would have been used to manage the empire.
- Portuguese officials were cruel/ruthless to the Africans and Arabs who resented them and therefore did not cooperate.
- There were constant rebellions against the Portuguese and this weakened their control.
- Combined attacks from Persians, Arabs, and Turks proved formidable for the Portuguese.
- They faced stiff competition from the British and Dutch which reduced their profits.
- They had inadequate personnel to effectively manage the extensive coast.
- Portuquese lacked capital to pay the administrators at the coast and this demoralized them.
- They lacked administrative skills to rule effectively.
- Spain annexed Portugal between 1590 and 1640 diverting her interests from the EAC.
- Distance from Portugal delayed reinforcement.
- They were affected by tropical diseases eg Malaria.
- They were attacked by zimba worriors reducing their population.
- Malindi, their traditional ally, refused to support the portuquese because they were cruel to them. (Any 6x2=(12 marks)
- Outline three stages in the Portuguese Conquest of the Coastal towns upto 1510. (3 marks)
-
- State three ways through which communities in Kenya interacted during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks
- Through intermarriage.
- Through trade.
- Through raids/warfare.
- Through common festivals/ ceremonies eg wrestling/ cultural exchange eg language. (Any 3x1=(3 marks)
- Describe six aspects of the political organization of the Somali in Kenya. (12 marks)
- Had a decentralized government based on the clan.
- Clan was the smallest political unit made up of related families.
- Clan was headed by a council of elders who maintained law and order, settled disputes.
- The council also presided over religious ceremonies and was the final authority in making decisions on clan matters.
- Initiates formed the age – set system which was used to establish a military organization that defended the society from enemies.
- With the introduction of Islam, sheikhs became community leaders and used Islamic sharia/law.
- State three ways through which communities in Kenya interacted during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks
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- List five principles of democracy. (5 marks)
- Freedom of speech, debate and enquiry.
- Free, fair and regular elections.
- Open and accountable mass media.
- Economic democracy ie decentralization of economic power.
- Equality before the law. (Any 5x1=(5 marks)
- Explain five characteristics of human rights. (10 marks)
- Are universal – human rights apply equally to everyone by virtue of being a human being.
- Indivisible – one right cannot be applied if the other does not exist.
- They are inherent/in born/intergral – naturally belong to human beings.
- Have limitations ie we should respect the rights of others.
- They are derogatory ie may be suspended under certain circumstances. (Any 5x2=(10 marks)
- List five principles of democracy. (5 marks)
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- Write five challenges that hinder government’s effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya. (5 marks)
- Traditional/ cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from schooling.
- Lack of enough schools/ inadequate educational facilities has made education inaccessibility in some regions/shortage of teachers.
- High poverty levels in the society have made education unaffordable.
- Misconceptions that one can succeed without education.
- Nomadic way of life in some communities has hampered provision of education.
- Negative attitude towards adult education programmers has resulted in low enrolment.
- Insecurity in some regions eg Kapedo, Baragoi, Tana River, Kerio Valley. (Any 5x1=(5 marks)
- Explain five challenges facing the agricultural sector in Kenya. (10 marks)
- Poor infrastructure in some parts of the country has led to great losses of farm produce thus reducing earnings of farmers.
- The unstable prices of agriculture communities on the local/ world market have discouraged farmers.
- Various parts of the country have been hit by drought thus forcing the government to provide relief food.
- Farmers produce is often destroyed by pests after harvest leading to food shortage/ poor storage.
- Poor technology/ use of traditional methods has contributed to low yields.
- Political instigated ethnic clashes have discouraged farmers from carrying out intense farming due to insecurity.
- The population of Kenya has been growing faster than gains made in the agricultural sector.
- Corrupt government officials have grabbed/sold research land thereby affecting the operations of research institutions/ mismanagement of funds meant for agricultural development.
- Farming has become a costly venture for most farmers are not able to meet the high costs of farm inputs.
- Overproduction of similar agricultural products leads to wastage due to lack of buyers.
- Shortage of agricultural extension officers has made it difficult for farmers to get advice on how to improve yields.
- Mismanagement of cooperatives has impoverished farmers/ delayed payments to farmers.
- Competition from COMESA/ industrialized nations has frustrated Kenyan farmers. (Any 5x2=(10 marks)
- Write five challenges that hinder government’s effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya. (5 marks)
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
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- What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya? (5 marks)
- When in custody.
- When he/ she is insane/ not of sound mind.
- If he/ she presents him/ herself in a constituency where he/she is not registered.
- When discovered to have registered more than once.
- When one does not have a voter’s card on the voting day/defective national ID..
- When he/ she name does not appear in the voters register.
- When he/her is time barred/ late. (Any 5x1=(5 marks)
- Describe five roles of presiding officers during elections in Kenya. (10 marks)
- Are in charge of polling stations.
- Conduct the polls in an orderly, free and fair manner at the polling station.
- Ensure that every eligible voter votes only once.
- Help illiterate voters mark ballot papers.
- Seal the ballot boxes and transfer them to a central point in the polling stations where votes will be counted.
- Maintain law and order at the polling station and report any irregularities to the returning officer.
- Ensure that there if impartiality in conducting polls (fairness and openness). (Any 5x2=(10 marks)
- What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya? (5 marks)
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- Name the three national security organs in Kenya. (3 marks)
- Kenya Defense Forces.
- National Intelligence Service.
- National Police Service. (Any 3x1=(3 marks)
- Explain six factors that make it difficult for the correctional services department in Kenya to work effectively. (12 marks)
- Over crawling leading to poor sanitation.
- Inadequate facilities lead to outbreak of diseases eg cholera.
- Inmates complain of mistreatment by warders.
- Shortage of food, medical facilities and poor clothing.
- Some inmates have become hardened thus difficult to rehabilitate.
- Corruption has forced some prisoners to pay so as to get better services.
- Poor living conditions/ low salaries of prison officers has demoralized them and affected their performance of duty.
- Shortage of trained counselors to assist in reforming the inmates effectively.
- Inadequate number of prison warders leads to overworking hence brutal handling of prisoners. (Any 6x2=(12 marks)
- Name the three national security organs in Kenya. (3 marks)
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- Write five accounts that the Auditor-General is mandated to audit. (5 marks)
- National and county government accounts.
- Accounts of all funds and authorities of the national and county government.
- Accounts of all courts.
- Accounts of all commissions and in dependent offices.
- Accounts of National Assembly, senate and county assemblies.
- Accounts of all political parties funded from public funds.
- The public debt.
- Accounts of any other entity that the law requires the Auditor – General to audit. (Any 5x1=(5 marks)
- Explain five functions of the Commission on Revenue Allocation. (10 marks)
- Making recommendations on the equitable sharing of revenue raised by the national government between the national and county governments.
- Making recommendations on other financial matters and financial management by county governments.
- Defining and enhancing revenue sources of the national and county government.
- Encouraging fiscal responsibility to ensure accountability for funds through appropriate financial procedures.
- Determining, publishing and regularly reviewing the policy in which it sets out the criteria by which it identifies the marginalized areas.
- Submit its recommendations to the senate/ national Assembly, Executive Committee, County Assembly and County executives.
(Any 5x2=(10 marks)
- Write five accounts that the Auditor-General is mandated to audit. (5 marks)
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