The patterns of solubility for various types of salts
Salts |
Soluble | Insoluble |
Sodium salts | All are soluble | None |
Potassium salts | All are soluble | None |
Ammonium salts | All are soluble | None |
Chlorides | Most are soluble | Silver chloride, lead (II) chloride |
Nitrates | All are soluble | None |
Sulphates | Most are soluble | Barium sulphate, lead (II) sulphate, calcium sulphate |
Ethanoates | All are soluble | None |
Carbonates | Sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates | Most are insoluble |
KEY
- Ppt = precipitate
- Sol = solution
- Insol = insoluble
- Xs = excess
- Dil = dilute
1.HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Physical Properties
Colour | Colourless |
Odour | Pungent odour Poisonous |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Heavier than air. |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Very soluble in water. It reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid. |
Burning | Does not support combustion |
Moist pH paper | Acidic reaction |
Red rose petals | No reaction |
Specific test | It will fume in moist air |
Footnotes:
- Dilute hydrochloric acid is one of the three common dilute acids used in the laboratory.
- Concentrated hydrochloric acid is used in the manufacture of many chemicals.
2.CARBON DIOXIDE
Physical Properties
Colour | Colourless |
Odour | Odourless |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Heavier than air |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Fairly soluble in water. It reacts with water to form a weak acid called carbonic acid. |
Burning | Does not support combustion. |
Moist pH paper | Shows a weak acidic reaction (around pH6) |
Red rose petals | No change |
Specific test | Turns lime water “cloudy” |
Footnotes:
- Makes up 0.04% of the gases in the air. Rainwater is slightly acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves in it.
- Needed by green plants during photosynthesis.
- Product of respiration in living things.
- Product of combustion
- Is one of the “greenhouse” gases present in the atmosphere.
- Used in fire extinguishers since it is heavier than air and forms a “blanket” around the fire. This prevents combustion since carbon dioxide does not support it and the presence of carbon dioxide stops oxygen reaching the combustible material.
3.CHLORINE GAS
Physical Properties
Colour | Greenish-yellow |
Odour | Pungent odour Poisonous |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Heavier than air |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Soluble in water. Most of it reacts with water to form acids. |
Burning | Does not support combustion. |
Moist pH paper | Shows a strong acidic reaction |
Red rose petals | Would bleach and lose their colour |
Specific test | None |
Footnotes:
- One of the “family” of halogen gases (iodine and bromine are in the same family)
- Used in water purification.
- Used to make bleaching powder, disinfectants and antiseptics
- Also used to make some explosives, poison gases and pesticides.
4.HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS
Physical Properties
Colour | Colourless |
Odour | Pungent odour Poisonous |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Heavier than air. |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Very soluble in water. It reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid. |
Burning | Does not support combustion |
Moist pH paper | Acidic reaction |
Red rose petals | No reaction |
Specific test | It will fume in moist air |
Footnotes:
- Dilute hydrochloric acid is one of the three common dilute acids used in the laboratory.
- Concentrated hydrochloric acid is used in the manufacture of many chemicals.
5.HYDROGEN GAS
Physical Properties
Colour | Colourless |
Odour | Odourless |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Lighter than air. Can escape through the atmosphere into space. |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Insoluble |
Burning | Explodes when a burning match is placed into it. Reacts with oxygen gas to form water. |
Moist pH paper | No reaction |
Red rose petals | No reaction |
Specific test | A lighted match will produce a “squeak” sound. This is a small explosion. |
Footnotes:
- The lightest gas known.
- Once used in airships but replaced by helium which is not explosive.
- Used to make ammonia which is needed in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives.
6.NITROGEN
Physical Properties
Colour | Colourless |
Odour | Odourless |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Same as air |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
Burning | Does not support combustion |
Moist pH paper | No reaction |
Red rose petals | No reaction |
Specific test | None |
Footnotes:
- Makes up around 79% of the gases in the air.
- Used to make ammonia gas, which in turn is used to make explosives and fertilizers.
- Used in light bulbs and thermometers because it is not reactive.
- Also used as the atmosphere in rooms where explosives are stored.
7.OXYGEN
Physical Properties
Colour | Colourless |
Odour | Odourless |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Slightly heavier than air |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Slightly soluble in water |
Burning | Oxygen gas is needed for burning or combustion. Something that burns in air will burn five times more ferociously in pure oxygen gas. |
Moist pH paper | No change |
Red rose petals | No change |
Specific test | A glowing match or wooden spill will relight when placed in oxygen gas. |
Footnotes:
- Makes up 20% of the gases in the air.
- Needed by the majority of living organisms for respiration
Is produced by green plants as a by-product of photosynthesis.
8.SULPHUR DIOXIDE GAS
Physical Properties
Colour | Colourless |
Odour | Pungent odour |
Density compared to air (heavier or lighter) | Heavier than air |
Chemical Properties
Solubility in water | Soluble. It reacts with water to form a strong acid. |
Burning | Does not support combustion |
Moist pH paper | Acidic reaction |
Red rose petals | Are bleached and lose their colour |
Specific test | None |
Footnotes:
- It is used as a bleaching agent.
- It is one of the gases responsible for air pollution.
Download Solubility - Chemistry Practicals.
Tap Here to Download for 50/-
Get on WhatsApp for 50/-
Why download?
- ✔ To read offline at any time.
- ✔ To Print at your convenience
- ✔ Share Easily with Friends / Students