Statistics - Mathematics Form 2 Notes

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Introduction

  • This is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, representation and interpretation of data. Data is the basic information.


Frequency Distribution Table

  • A data table that lists a set of scores and their frequency
    frequency distribution table

Tally

  • In tallying each stroke represent a quantity.

Frequency

  • This is the number of times an item or value occurs.

Mean

  • This is usually referred to as arithmetic mean, and is the average value for the data
    mean frequency distribution table
    The mean ( ̅x )
    =total marks scored      
     total number of students     
    ∑fx
       
    ∑f
    =
    173
       30
    = 5.767

Mode

  • This is the most frequent item or value in a distribution or data. In the above table its 7 which is the most frequent.

Median

  • To get the median arrange the items in order of size. If there are N items and N is an odd number, the item occupying  (n+1/2)th                                                                               
  • If N is even, the average of the items occupying n/2


Grouped Data

  • Then difference between the smallest and the biggest values in a set of data is called the range. The data can be grouped into a convenient number of groups called classes. 30 – 40 are called class boundaries.
  • The class with the highest frequency is called the modal class. In this case its 50 ≤ m < 60, the class width or interval is obtained by getting the difference between the class limits. In this case, 30 – 40 = 10, to get the mid-point you divide it by 2 and add it to the lower class limit.
    grouped data
    The mean mass in the table above is ∑f = 25 , ∑fx = 1215
    Mean 1215/25 = 48.6


Representation of Statistical Data

  • The main purpose of representation of statistical data is to make collected data more easily understood.
  • Methods of representation of data include.

Bar Graph

  • Consist of a number of spaced rectangles which generally have major axes vertical. Bars are uniform width.
  • The axes must be labelled and scales indicated.
    bar graph stats
  • The students’ favorite juices are as follows
    Red 2
    Orange 8
    Yellow 10
    Purple 6

Pictograms

  • In a pictogram, data is represented using pictures.
  • Consider the following data.
    pictogram
  • The data shows the number of people who love the following animals
    Dogs 250, Cats 350, Horses 150, other 150

 

 

Pie Chart

  • A pie chart is divided into various sectors .Each sector represent a certain quantity of the item being considered the size of the sector is proportional to the quantity being measured .consider the export of US to the following countries. Canada $ 1 3390, Mexico $ 81 36, Japan $5824, France $ 21 1 0 .
  • This information can be represented in a pie chart as follows
    Canada angle
    amount of export x 360
       total population
    13390 x 360 = 163.62o
    29460
    Mexico =8136 x 360 = 99.42o
                 29460
    Japan 5824 x 360 = 71.16o 
             29460
    France  2110  x 360 = 25.78o
              29460
    pie chart stats

Line Graph

  • Data represented using lines
    line graph stats

 

 

Histograms

  • Frequency in each class is represented by a rectangular bar whose area is proportional to the frequency, where the bars are of the same width and the height of the rectangle is proportional to the frequency .

    Note;
  • The bars are joined together.
  • The class boundaries mark the boundaries of the rectangular bars in the histogram
    frequency histogram
  • Histograms can also be drawn when the class interval is not the same

The below information can be represented in a histogram as below

Marks 10 - 14 15- 24 25 - 29 30 - 44
No.of students 5 16 4 15

histogram uneven intervals

Note;

  • When the class is doubled the frequency is halved

Frequency Polygon

  • It is obtained by plotting the frequency against mid points.
    frequency polygon


Past KCSE Questions on the Topic.

  1. The height of 36 students in a class was recorded to the nearest centimeters as follows.
    148 159 163 158 166 155 155 179 158 155 171 172 156 161 160 165 157 165
    175 173 172 178 159 168 160 167 147 
    168 172 157 165 154 170 157 162 173
    1. Make a grouped table with 145.5 as lower class limit and class width of 5. (4mks)
    2. Use your table in (a) to draw a histogram to represent the data 
  2.  
    stats q2
    Use the histogram above to complete the frequency table below:
    Length Frequency
    11 .5 ≤ x ≤ 13.5
    13.5 ≤ x ≤ 15.5
    15.5 ≤ x ≤ 17.5
    17.5 ≤ x ≤ 23.5
     
  3. Kambui spent her salary as follows:
    Food 40%
    Transport  10%
    Education  20%
    Clothing 20%
    Rent 10%
    Draw a pie chart to represent the above information
  4. The examination marks in a mathematics test for 60 students were as follows;-
    60  54  34 83 52  74  61  27  65  22
    70  71  47 60 63  59  58  46  39  35
    69  42  53 74 92  27  39  41  49  54
    25  51  71 59 68  73  90  88  93  85
    46  82  58 85 61  69  24  40  88  34
    30  26  1 7  1 5  80  90  65  55  69  89


    Class   Tally Frequency  Upper class limit
    10-29
    30-39
    40-69
    70-74
    75-89
    90-99
         
    From the table;
    1. State the modal class
    2. On the grid provided , draw a histogram to represent the above information
  5. The marks scored by 200 from 4 students of a school were recorded as in the table below.
    Marks 41 – 50  51 – 55  56 – 65  66 – 70  71 – 85
    Frequency  21 62 55 50 1 2
    1. On the graph paper provided, draw a histogram to represent this information.
    2. On the same diagram, construct a frequency polygon.
    3. Use your histogram to estimate the modal mark.
  6. The diagram below shows a histogram representing the marks obtained in a certain test:-
    stats q6
    1. If the frequency of the first class is 20, prepare a frequency distribution table for the data
    2. State the modal class
    3. Estimate:
      1. The mean mark
      2. The median mark
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