- This paper consists of THREE sections A, B and C.
- Answer ALL the questions in section in sections A and B.
- Answer any two questions from section C.
SECTION A (20MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided
- Differentiate between organic farming and agroforestry (2mks)
- Name four types of farm records kept by poultry farmers (2mks)
- State three benefits of a land title deed to a farmer (11/2mks)
- State two advantages of tractor hire services (1mk)
- State four factors considered in timing of planting (2mks)
- State four reasons for staking in tomatoes (2mks)
- Outline roles of mulching in soil and water conservation (2mks)
- Give four functions of the Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (2mks)
- State four advantages of zero grazing (stall feeding) (2mks)
- Differentiate between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Per Capital income (2mks)
- Name three chemicals added to water during the water treatment process (11/2mks)
- State four characteristics of sandy soils (2mks)
- State four factors considered when selecting a site for a nursery bed. (2mks)
- Give four pieces of information contained in an invoice (2mks)
- State four physical measures of controlling crop pests (2mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided
- The diagrams below show various types of soil structure.
- Name the soil structure labeled E and F (2mks)
- State two ways how soil structure influences crop production (2mks)
- The diagram below show common weeds on the farm.
- Identify the weeds labeled G, H and L (3mks)
- How does the weed labeled H affect labour productivity?
- The diagrams below show a common organic practice in agriculture
- Name the methods of pruning labeled M and N (2mks)
- Name the tool being used in P above (1mk)
- Name two crops where pruning method M is applied (1mk)
- The diagram below shows common crop pests
- Name the pests labeled T2 and T3 (2mks)
- State one damage caused by pest labeled T1 (1mk)
- State two effective methods used to control the pest labeled T2 (1mk)
- The diagram below shows a practice carried out in agroforestry.
- Name the practice (1mks)
- State two benefits of the above named practice (2mks)
- State one advantage of raising seedlings in polythene sleeves (1mk)
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 23
-
- State and explain four methods of fertilizer application (8mks)
- Outline four advantages of row planting (4mks)
- State and explain the importance of crop rotation (8mks)
-
- State and explain four factors influencing soil erosion (8mks)
- Outline the roles of trees in soil and water conservation (4mks)
- Outline the advantages of using herbicides in weed control (8 mks)
-
- State the reasons for carrying out minimum tillage (6mks)
- Outline the reasons why budgeting is important (6mks)
- state and explain four factors influencing the supply of a commodity (8mks)
MARKING SCHEME
- Differentiate between organic farming and agroforestry (2 mks)
- Agroforestry – this involves growing of trees and crops and keeping of animals on the same piece of land.
- Organic farming – is the growing of crops and rearing of animals without using agricultural chemicals. (2x1= 2mks)
(Marks awarded as whole)
- Agroforestry – this involves growing of trees and crops and keeping of animals on the same piece of land.
- Name four types of farm records kept by poultry farmers (2 mks)
- Production records
- Inventory records
- Breeding records
- Health records
- Marketing records
- Labour records (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- State three benefits of land title deed to a farmer (1½mks)
- They encourage commercial farming as it can secure credit facilities necessary for land development.
- It minimizes land dispute.
- Farmers can achieve high agricultural production
- It enables occupant to lease all or part of land thus get extra income. (½ x 3= ½mk)
- State two advantages of tractor hire services (1mk)
- Farmers who cannot afford to buy can get access to it’s services.
- Services are more efficient than hand tools.
- Farmers do not incure cost of service and maintenance. (½ x2 = 1mk)
- State four factors considered in timing of planting (2mks)
- Rainfall pattern/moisture condition of the soil.
- Type of crop to be planted.
- Soil type.
- Market demand
- Prevalence of pest and diseases.
- Weed control. (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- State four reasons of staking in tomatoes (2mks)
- Production of clean fruits
- Facilitates spraying and harvesting of crops.
- Controls incidences of outbreaks.
- Prevents infestation by soil born pests. (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Outline roles of mulching in soil and water conservation (2mks)
- Prevention of splash erosion
- Increases infiltration
- Reduces evaporation.
- Increases organic matter and water retention capacity. (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Give four functions of the Pyrethrum Boards of Kenya (2mks)
- Offering advisory services to farmers.
- Managing Pyrethrum nurseries which produce planting materials for farmers.
- Processing pyrethrum in the factories.
- Marketing processed products.
- Buying pyrethrum from the farmers.
- Carrying out research to obtain the best cultivators through selecting and breeding. (½x 4 = 2mks)
- State four advantages of zero grazing (stall feeding) (2mks)
- There is quick accumulation of manure.
- Animals make use of the feeds without wastage.
- Animals produce high yields due to less wastage of energy.
- Diseases and parasites are easy to control.
- It requires little land.
- It allows little stocking rate. (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Differentiate between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Per Capita Income. (2mks)
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – is the total sum goods and services produced by a country within a period one year.
- Per Capita Income – is the average income of citizens of a country. (2x1 = 2mks)
- Name three chemicals added to water during the water treatment process. (11/2mks)
- Soda ash (sodium bicarbonate)
- Alum calcium sulphate)
- Chlorine (½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks)
- State four characteristics of sandy soil (2mks)
- Well drained
- Coarse textured
- Moderately fertile
- Slightly acidic
- Low water holding capacity
- Low capillarity ( ½ x 4 = 2mks)
- State four factors considered when selecting a site for a nursery bed (2mks)
- Nearness to the water source
- Topography
- Previous cropping
- Security
- Well sheltered place (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Give four pieces of information contained in an invoice (2mks)
- Date of transaction
- Type and quantities of goods delivered
- Price per unit of goods
- Total amount of money involved
- Invoice serial number
- Terms of payment
- People involved in the transaction (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- State four physical measures of controlling crop pests (2mks)
- Use of lethal temperatures
- Proper drying of produce
- Flooding
- Suffocation
- Physical destruction of pests
- Use of scarecrows
- Use of physical barriers
- Use of electromagnetic radiation
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
- The diagram below shows various types of soil structure
- Name the soil structure labeled E and F (2mks)
- E – Platy structure
- F – Block structure (1 x 2) 2mks
- State two ways how soil structure influences crop production (2mks)
- Influences soil erosion
- Influences water holding capacity of a soil
- Influences soil drainage (1 x 2 = 2mks)
- Name the soil structure labeled E and F (2mks)
- The diagrams below shows the common weeds on the farm
- Identify the weeds labelled G, H, and L (3mks)
- G – Mallow / malva verticillata
- H – Stinging Nettle / Urtica massaica
- L – Striga / witch weed / Striga hermontheca (1 x 3 = 3mks )
- How does the weed labeled H affect labour productivity (1mk)
- Causes itching reducing work output (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Identify the weeds labelled G, H, and L (3mks)
- The diagram below show a common agronomic practice in agriculture
- Name the methods of pruning labeled M and N (2mks)
- M – Terminal bud pruning / pinching
- N – Pollarding / coppicing
- Name the tool being used in P (1mks)
- P – Secateurs (1 x 1mks)
- Name crops where pruning methods M is applied (1mk)
- Tobacco
- Tomatoes
- Tea
- Coffee (1 x 1 = 1mks)
- Name the methods of pruning labeled M and N (2mks)
- The diagram below shows common crop pests
- Name the pest labeled T2 and T3 (2mks)
- T2 – Sudan Dioch / Quelea quelea aethiopica
- T3 – Mouse bird (1 x 2 = 2mks)
- State one damage caused by pest labeled T1 (1mk)
- Unearth and eat sown seeds
- Dig up and eat roots and tubers
- Climb up maize, stalk to eat grains
- State two effectives methods used to control the pest labeled T2 (1mk)
- Use of explosives
- Goose necked sorghum varieties
- Poisoning (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Name the pest labeled T2 and T3 (2mks)
- The diagram below shows a practice carried out in agroforestry
- Name the practice (1mk)
- Root pruning (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- State two benefits of the above named practice (2mks)
- Encourages the development of a short dense and strong rooting system.
- Lifting of seedlings is made easier
- Faster seedlings establishment after transplanting (1 x 2 -= 2mks)
- State one advantage of raising seedlings in polythene sleeves (1mk)
- No root disturbance during transplanting
- Easy to transport
- Transplanting can be delayed (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Name the practice (1mk)
SECTION C
-
- State and explain four methods of fertilizer application (8mks)
- Broadcasting – Random scattering of fertilizers on the ground for plant use.
- Placement method – Application of fertilizer in planting holes or drills
- Side dressing – Placing of nitrogenous fertilizers at the side of the crop being top dressed
- Foliar spraying – Application of formulated fertilizer solution onto the foliage / leaves of the crop
- Drip – Fertilizer dissolved and applied to individual plants through perforated pipes or bottles
Stating 1 x 4 = 4mks
Explanation 1 x 4 = 4mks
- Outline the advantages of row planting
- Machines can be used easily between the rows
- Easy to determine correct plant population
- Lower seed rate used than in broadcasting
- Cultural practices eg weeding, spraying, harvesting are easily carried out (1 x 4 = 4mks)
- State and explain the importance of crop rotation (8mks)
- Maximum utilization of nutrients – shallow rooted crops utilize nutrients in top soil profile while deep rooted utilize nutrients in lower soil horizons / different crops have different nutrient requirements eg cassava weeds more potassium while maize requires more nitrogen.
- Control of soil borne pests and disease build up – crop pests and diseases are crop specific hence crop rotation helps break the life cycles of crop pests and diseases
- Control weeds – parasitic weeds ( striga) are controlled by planting non-grass crops
- Improvement of soil structure – growing of grass minimize the disturbance of the soil hence improving soil structure (Grass ley)
- Control of soil erosion – cover crops eg sweet potatoes avoid empty spaces hence soil protected from agents of soil erosin
- Improvement of soil fertility – Leguminous crops helps in fixation of nitrogen hence improved soil fertility
Stating 1 x 4 = 4mks
Explanation 1 x 4 =4mks
- State and explain four methods of fertilizer application (8mks)
-
- State and explain four factors influencing soil erosion (8mks)
- The amount / intensity of rainfall – Area that receive high amounts of rainfall / intensity are more prone to erosion than areas with low amount/ intensity of rainfall.
- Slope of the land / Topography – The steeper the slope the greater the speed of water hence more soil erosion
- The type of soil – Sandy soils are easily eradable compared to clay which is more resistant to erosion.
- Clean weeding – Soil is left bare and exposed to soil erosion agents
- Indiscriminate burning of vegetation before cultivation – The land is left exposed to the erosive forces of rain and wind.
- Planting annual crops on steep slopes – leads to frequent cultivation hence exposure of soil to erosion.
- Deforestation – cutting of trees exposes the soil to soil/ erosion agents
- Overstocking – Leads to overgrazing hence soil left bare and susceptible to erosion by wind or water
- Vegetation cover – Vegetation on a soil surface acts as a barrier and reduces the impact of rain drops
- Soil depth – shallow soils become saturated with water very quickly and are easily eroded.
- Ploughing up and down the slope – Encourages easy water flow down the slow hence soil erosion
Stating 1 x 4 = 4mks
Explanation 1 x 4 =4mks (first four)
- Outline the roles of trees in soil and water conservation (4mks)
- They protect the soil below from rain drop erosion by reducing the force with which it falls onto the ground
- They provide shade hence reduce loss of moisture through evaporation.
- They act as windbreaks
- The roots of trees bird soil practices together
- They reduce the speed of running water thus reducing its erosive power
- Their leaves decay to supply humus to the soil which improves the infiltration rate of the soil. (1 x 4 = 4mks)
- Outline the advantages of using herbicides in weed control (8mks)
- Herbicides are effective in controlling bothersome weeds such as couch grass, sedges.
- Herbicide use requires less labour than mechanical cultivation
- Herbicides do not disturb crop roots and other underground structures
- Herbicides make the control of weeds in certain crops easier eg carrots, wheat, barley.
- Cheaper in the long run than using manual or mechanical cultivation
- Herbicides are efficient in both wet and dry conditions unlike mechanical cultivation
- Herbicide use is more convenient in crops such as sugarcane, sisal and controlling weeds such as stinging nettle and double thorn Herbicide application helps to maintain the soil structure / helps achieve minimum tillage (1 x 8 = 8 mks)
- State and explain four factors influencing soil erosion (8mks)
-
- State the reasons for carrying out minimum tillage (6mks)
- To reduce the cost of cultivation or ploughing by reducing the number of operations
- To control soil erosion. Mulching and cover cropping greatly reduce chances of soil erosion
- To maintain soil structure. Continuous cultivation destroys soil structure hence it is avoided
- To conserve moisture. Continuous cultivation exposes the soil to heat of the sun thus enhancing evaporation of available moisture.
- To prevent the disturbance of the roots and underground structures.
- To prevent the exposure of humus to adverse conditions. (1 x 6 = 6mks)
- Outline the reasons why farm budgeting is important (6mks)
- Helps the farmer in decision making. Good budget helps a farmer to avoid over expenditure and impulse buying.
- Enables the farmer to predict future returns hence the farmer plans ahead.
- Helps the farmer to avoid incurring losses by investing in less profitable enterprises.
- They enable farmers to secure loans from financial institutions eg AFC
- Ensures a period analysis of the farm business
- It acts as a record which can be used for future reference.
- It pinpoint efficiency or weakness in farm operations (1x6 = 6mks)
- State and explain four factors influencing the supply of a commodity (8mks)
- Number of sellers in the market - The higher the number of sellers the higher the supply of a commodity
- Price of related good - If the price of related good increases the supply of the other good will increase
- Price expectation - If the future price retains or increase the supply will low.
- Technology – The higher technology the higher the supply.
- Weather – If the weather is favourable the supply is high eg vegetable and if its unfavarouble the supply is low.
- Government policy – Unfavourable government policy will reduce the supply.
- Changes in prices – An increase in price leads to increase in supply. Reduction in price leads to low supply.
- Cost of production - The increase in cost of production leads to low supply.
- Increase in the supply of associated good. This lades to increase of supply of the other products.
- Transportation system – Improved and efficient transport increases supply
Stating 1 x 4 = 4mks
Explanation 1 x 4 = 4mks
First four
- State the reasons for carrying out minimum tillage (6mks)
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