Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Lanjet Joint Mock Exams 2023

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• This paper has two sections: A and B
• Answer ALL the questions in section A.
• In section B, answer questions 6 and any other TWO questions.
• Candidates must answer the questions in English.

                                                                                                     SECTION A

1.  
   1. Apart from the Sun and the planets, give two other heavenly bodies found in the solar system. (2 marks)
   2. State three characteristics of the earth’s crust. (3 marks)
2.  
   1. Define the term weather. (2 marks)
   2. List two types of rainfall common in Kenya. (2 marks)
3.  
   1. Name two parts of Africa that experience equatorial climate. (2 marks)
   2. List three major climatic regions of Kenya. (3 marks)
4.  
   1. Give two categories of lakes formed due to earth movements. (2 marks)
   2. State three conditions necessary for the formation of ox-bow lakes. (3 marks)
5. The diagram below shows an extrusive volcanic feature.
                                                                
   1. Identify the parts marked E, F and G. (3 marks)
   2. Outline three ways in which a caldera may be formed. (3 marks)
      
                                                                                              SECTION B
                                                   (Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section)
6. Study the map of Kisumu East (1:50,000 sheet 116/2) provided and use it to answer the following questions.
   1.  
      1. What is the four figure grid reference of the point where road B 2/1 reaches along the western margin of the map extract? (2 marks)
      2. Measure the length of Kisumu Municipality boundary. Give your answer in kilometres. (2 marks)
   2. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5 marks)
   3. Citing evidence from the map, give three social services offered at Kisumu Town. (6 marks)
   4.  
      1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 100m, draw an accurate cross section along easting 05 from northing 99 to northing 92. (4 marks)
      2. On the cross section, mark and name:
         • A steep slope
         • A boundary
         • Road C 543/1
         • A railway line. (4 marks)
      3. Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section. (2 marks)
7.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term folding. (2 marks)
   2.  
      1. Name five types of folds. (5 marks)
      2. With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains were formed. (10 marks)
   3. Explain four economic importance Fold Mountains to people. (8 marks)
8.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term earthquake. (2 marks)
      2. The diagram below shows the occurrence of an earthquake. Name the parts marked A, B, and C. (3 marks)
                                                         
   2.  
      1. Apart from the movement of tectonic plates, outline four other natural causes of earthquakes. (4 marks)
      2. Explain two ways in which movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes. (4 marks)
   3. State three differences between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake. (6 marks)
   4. Explain three effects of earthquakes in built up areas. (6 marks)
9.  
   1.  
      1. What is a river? (2 marks)
      2. List three types of river erosion. (3 marks)
   2. Explain four ways through which a gorge may be formed. (8 marks)
   3. Explain the following drainage systems.
      1. Accordant drainage. (2 marks)
      2. Back tilted drainage. (2 marks)
   4. Suppose you were to carry out a field study along the lower course of a major river.
      1. State five reasons why it is important to conduct a pre-visit to the area of study. (5 marks)
      2. State three follow –up activities that you would do after the study. (3 marks)
10. The diagram below shows some features that form ocean topography.
                                         
    1.  
       1. Identify the features marked X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
       2. State three sources of salt in ocean water. (3 marks)
    2. Explain how the following factors influence the rate of wave erosion:
       1. Gradient of the coast. (2 marks)
       2. Nature of coastal rocks. (2 marks)
       3. Size of waves. (2 marks)
    3. Describe how a cave is formed at the coast. (5 marks)
    4. Explain four economic importance of coastal features. (8 marks)

                                                                               MARKING SCHEME

                                                                                            SECTION A

1.  
   1. Apart from the Sun and the planets, give two other heavenly bodies found in the solar system. (2 marks)
      • Asteroids√
      • Natural satellites√
      • Comets√
      • Meteoroids/meteor/meteorites√
   2. State three characteristics of the earth’s crust. (3 marks)
      • The earth’s crust is made of sial and sima parts. √
      • The sial consists of silica and aluminum . √
      • The sima consists of silica and magnesinum
      • Density of the sial is about 2.7 gm/cc while that of the sima is 3.0 gm/cc. √
      • Sial rocks are mainly granitic. √
      • Sima rocks are mainly basaltic. √
2.  
   1. Define the term weather. (2 marks)
      • Weather is the state of the atmosphere of a given place over a short period of time.
        OR
      • Weather is the daily atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a particular time.
   2. List two types of rainfall common in Kenya. (2 marks)
      • Relief/orographic rainfall√
      • Convectional rainfall√
3.  
   1. Name two parts of Africa that experience equatorial climate. (2 marks)
      • Parts of West African coast√
      • Parts of Cameroon√
      • Parts of Congo and Congo DR/Congo Basin√
   2. List three major climatic regions of Kenya. (3 marks)
      • Modified equatorial climate√
      • Modified tropical climate. √
      • Tropical climate. √
      • Tropical continental climate√
      • Tropical northern climate√
      • Tropical desert climate. √
4.  
   1. Give two categories of lakes formed due to earth movements. (2 marks)
      • Lakes formed due to crustal down warping. √
      • Lakes formed due to faulting. √
   2. State three conditions necessary for the formation of ox-bow lakes. (3 marks)
      • A river must be in its old stage. √
      • There must be presence of a flood plain. √
      • There must be a highly meandering river. √
      • A river must have two meanders with active lateral erosion. √
      • A river must deposit its load faster than it is being eroded so as to seal off the cut off. √
5. The diagram below shows an extrusive volcanic feature.
                                                                
   1. Identify the parts marked E, F and G. (3 marks)
      • E – Crater√
      • F – Layers of ash/pyroclasts√
      • G – Parasitic cone/conelet√
   2. Outline three ways in which a caldera may be formed. (3 marks)
      • Due to a violent explosion at the top of a volcano. √
      • Due to block subsidence. √
      • Due to outward collapsing. √
        
                                                                                 SECTION B
6. Study the map of Kisumu East (1:50,000 sheet 116/2) provided and use it to answer the following questions.
   1.  
      1. What is the four figure grid reference of the point where road B 2/1 reaches along the western margin of the map extract? (2 marks)
         • 9496√ √
      2. Measure the length of Kisumu Municipality boundary. Give your answer in kilometres. (2 marks)
         • 9.2 Km (Accept 9.1 Km or 9.3 Km) √ √
   2. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5 marks)
      • Rivers are the main natural drainage features√
      • The main rivers are river Luando, river Nyamasaria nad river Ombeyi. √
      • Rivers Ombeyi and Luando are highly meandering. √
      • Most of the rivers in the area covered by the map are permanent. √
      • A tributary of river Nyangori is seasonal. √
      • There are some disappearing rivers in the area covered by the map. √
      • Most of the main rivers flow towards south west. √
      • There is a lake at the south western parts and within Kisumu municipality. √
      • Seasonal swamps are evident at Nyalenda and Kano plains. √
      • Papyrus swamps are evident around the lake at the South western parts. √
      • River Ombeyi has several distributaries. √
      • Parallel drainage is evident near the escarpment. √
      • Most rivers display dendritic drainage pattern. √
      • There is radial drainage around Bonjoge in the northern parts. √
      • The main man made drainage features are ditches. √
   3. Citing evidence from the map, give three social services offered at Kisumu Town. (6 marks)
      • Education serves due to presence of schools. √ √
      • Medical services due to presence of Hospital. √ √
      • Religious services due to presence of a mosque and churches. √ √
      • Water supply due to presence of water works. √ √
      • Security due to the presence of a police station. √ √
      • Burial services due to the presence of a cemetery√ √
   4.  
      1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 100m, draw an accurate cross section along easting 05 from northing 99 to northing 92. (4 marks)
                          
      2. On the cross section, mark and name:
         • A steep slope
         • A boundary
         • Road C 543/1
         • A railway line.                (4 marks)
      3. Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section. (2 marks)
         VE    =     Vertical scale      =      1cm represents 100 M
                          Horizontal scale                  1:50,000
                  = 1:10,000
                      1:50,000
                  =   1      X     50,000√
                  10,000             1
                                                        = 5 or 5 times √
7.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term folding. (2 marks)
         • Folding is the process through which crustal rocks bend upwards or downwards due to compression force. √ √
   2.  
      1. Name five types of folds. (5 marks)
         • Simple symmetrical fold √
         • Asymmetrical fold √
         • Over fold √
         • Isoclinal fold √
         • Recumbent fold √
         • Over thrust fold/Nappe√
         • Anticlinorium and synclinorium complex√
      2. With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains were formed. (10 marks)
         • Initially, earth movements led to the formation of an extensive depression called a geosyncline. √
         • The geosyncline was filled with water to form an extensive ocean.
         • The surrounding continental land masses were intensely eroded. √
         • Sediments were transported by rivers and glacier and deposited into the geosyncline in layers. √
         • Over many years of deposition, thick layers developed whose weight caused the geosyncline to sink inwards. √
         • Sinking of the geosyncline triggered compressional forces that drew the surrounding continental land masses towards each other. Compression forces could have also been caused by convection currents in the mantle. √
         • The intense compressional forces squeezed the layers of sediments bending upwards to form Fold Mountains. √
           
           Diagrams – 4 marks
           Description – 6 marks
                            Total - 10 marks
   3. Explain four economic importance Fold Mountains to people. (8 marks)
      • Windward slopes of most fold mountains receive high orographic rainfall which supports crop farming. √ √
      • Fold Mountain scenery and snowcapped slopes are important tourist attractions with some slopes favouring winter sports such as skiing and ice skating, e.g. Swiss Alps. √ √
      • Windward slopes of Fold Mountains receive high relief rainfall together with melt water from ice/snow form key water catchment areas which are a sources of key rivers used for irrigation / HEP / water for domestic and industrial use. √ √
      • Along the slopes of some Fold Mountains, valuable minerals were exposed thus are exploited for various uses e.g. copper and Tin along the Andes Mountains. √ √
      • Windward slopes of most fold mountains receive high orographic rainfall which supports the growth of key forests thus key lumbering areas e.g. Rockies slopes in British Columbia in Canada. √ √
8.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term earthquake. (2 marks)
         • An earthquake refers to violent vibrations of crustal rocks due to sudden release of energy in the crust. √ √
      2. The diagram below shows the occurrence of an earthquake. Name the parts marked A, B, and C. (3 marks)
                                                           
   2.  
      1. Apart from the movement of tectonic plates, state four other natural causes of earthquakes. (4 marks)
         • Violent volcanic eruptions/movements of magma within crustal rocks. √
         • Energy release from the mantle. √
         • Isostatic adjustments of crustal rocks. √
         • Collapsing of massive rocks due to gravitative attraction/pressure. √
      2. Explain two ways in which movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes. (4 marks)
         • During subduction where two tectonic plates collide along a compressional boundary, friction causes the plates to lock. With time, massive rock fracture occurs for the plates to resume motion resulting in strong earthquakes. √ √
         • Where two tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other along a slip fault/transform boundary, friction causes the plates to lock. With time, massive rock fracture occurs for the plates to resume motion resulting in the release of energy that causes strong earthquakes. √ √
         • Along extensional tectonic plate boundaries, large scale movements of magma to seal the gap created in between the two plates moving away from each other causes shaking of the ground. √ √
   3. State three differences between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake. (6 marks)
      • Intensity is the measure of how hard an earthquake shakes the ground whereas magnitude is the measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake. √ √
      • Intensity is measured using a mercalli scale while magnitude is measured using a Richter scale/a moment magnitude scale. √ √
      • Intensity decreases from the epicenter outwards while magnitude remains constant from the epicenter outwards. √ √
   4. Explain three effects of earthquakes in built up areas. (6 marks)
      • Vertical and lateral displacements of rocks damages gas, oil and water pipelines thus disrupting supplies of such products. √ √
      • Vibrations of crustal rocks results in massive collapsing of weak buildings thus leading to loss of many human lives. √ √
      • Submarine earthquakes causes tsunamis which flood low lying coastal towns thus killing people and causing massive damage to property. √ √
      • Vibration of rocks during earthquakes causes buckling of roads and railways as well as collapsing of bridges thus limiting accessibility to some areas. √ √
      • Earthquakes trigger landslides that cause damage to property and loss of many lives in built up areas. √ √
9.  
   1.  
      1. What is a river? (2 marks)
         • A river is a large mass of water flowing in a channel from an upland to a low land. √ √
      2. List three types of river erosion. (3 marks)
         • Vertical erosion. √
         • Lateral erosion. √
         • Head ward erosion√
   2. Explain four ways through which a gorge may be formed. (8 marks)
      • Where a waterfall retreats upstream due to the erosion of the resistant rock, a gorge develops from the former position of the water fall to the new position of the water fall upstream. √ √
      • Where a river maintains its course through a land that is being slowly uplifted. The river erodes through the slowly rising land cutting a steep sided gorge. √ √
      • Where a river cuts through a plateau made of alternating hard and soft rocks which lie horizontally. Erosion is very intense on the soft rocks over a wide area thus forming very large gorges/canyons. √ √
      • Where a river flows along a line of weakness such as a fault line, such rivers erode vigorously and vertically forming very deep and narrow gorges√ √
   3. Explain the following drainage systems.
      1. Accordant drainage. (2 marks)
         • This is the normal drainage of a river. A river flows following rock structure and slope by following areas of weak rocks. √ √
      2. Back tilted drainage. (2marks)
         • Processes such as uplifting or down warping may result in a river to change the direction of flow or flow backwards/ reverse due to emergence of a new source. √ √
   4. Suppose you were to carry out a field study along the lower course of a major river.
      1. State five reasons why it is important to conduct a pre-visit to the area of study. (5 marks)
         • To introduce oneself to resource persons. √
         • It helps one to identify problems likely to be encountered during the study. √
         • To identify suitable methods of data recording. √
         • It helps one to prepare a work schedule. √
         • In order to prepare a budget for the study. √
         • In order to formulate the objectives / hypotheses for the study√
         • In order to prepare a route map. √
         • In order to assess the suitability of the area for the study. √
         • In order to identify possible challenges and seek ways to deal with them. √
      2. State three follow –up activities that you would do after the study. (3 marks)
         • Discussing the findings. √
         • Writing a report in essay form. √
         • Displaying photographs taken from the field. √
         • Group presentations. √
         • Displaying labelled river deposits samples collected.
10. The diagram below shows some features that form ocean topography.
                                       
    1.  
       1. Identify the features marked X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
          • X – Continental shelf√
          • Y – Oceanic island√
          • Z – Ocean trench/Ocean deep√
       2. State three sources of salt in ocean water. (3 marks)
          • River water which drains into the sea dissolved salts from rocks over land. √
          • Volcanic activity on the floor of the ocean where some materials add salt to the ocean water. √
          • Some salt is dissolved from rocks on the sea bed which the sea water is in contact with. √
          • Some salt is believed to have been present when the oceans were formed. √
    2. Explain how the following factors influence the rate of wave erosion:
       1. Gradient of the coast. (2 marks)
          • Coasts with steep gradient are easily attacked by waves while gently sloping coasts causes waves to break far off shore. √ √
       2. Nature of coastal rocks. (2 marks)
          • Wave erosion is intense where there are soft rocks while very hard coastal rocks resist wave erosion thus least affected. √ √
       3. Size of waves. (2 marks)
          • Big waves that break at a high frequency have a lot of energy thus erodes effectively through hydraulic action and corrasion/ have a greater swash energy. Small waves do little erosion at the coast. √ √
    3. Describe how a cave is formed at the coast. (5 marks)
       • Initially, there exists a cliff or a headland along a coast. √
       • The soft parts at the base of a cliff or a headland are attacked by waves. √
       • Hydraulic action, solution and corrasion processes form a hollow at the base of the cliff or headland. √
       • Continued wave erosion causes the hollow to extend further into the cliff. √
       • The diameter of the hollow decreases inwards due to lesser impact by waves.
       • The tunnel-like hollow extending into the face of a cliff or headland is called a cave. √
    4. Explain four economic importance of coastal features. (8 marks)
       • Features such as rias and fiords on submerged coasts favour the construction of deep and sheltered harbours/ports. √ √
       • Some coastal features such as beaches, cliffs and coral reefs attract many tourists who bring foreign exchange to a country/income to coastal towns. √ √
       • Many coastal plains formed due to coastal emergence provide land for settlement and construction of roads, railways and airports. √ √
       • Shallow continental shelves and fiords provide suitable fishing grounds due to plenty of planktons/sheltered waters. √ √
       • Some continental shelves contain a variety of minerals and fossil fuels that are exploited in some countries for various economic uses. √ √