INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- This paper has two sections: A and B
- Answer ALL the questions in section A.
- In section B, answer questions 6 and any other TWO questions.
- Candidates must answer the questions in English.
SECTION A
-
- List the two types of environment. (2 marks)
- Explain how Geography is related to economics. (2 marks)
-
- Name two main indigenous breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya. (2 marks)
- State three ways in which government policy influences agriculture in Kenya.(3 marks)
- The diagram below some national parks in East Africa. Name the parks marked A, B, C and D. (4 marks)
-
- Give two main projects through which land was reclaimed in the Netherlands. (2 marks)
- State four benefits that resulted in the reclamation of the Yala swamp in Kenya. (4 marks)
-
- State three physical factors favouring coffee farming in Brazil. (3 marks)
- Give three similarities between coffee farming in Kenya and in Brazil. (3 marks)
SECTION B
- Study the photograph below and use it to answer the following questions.
-
- Identify the type of photograph provided. (1 mark)
- Give two reasons for your answer in (a)(i) above. (2 marks)
- Identify the main activity shown on the photograph. (1 mark)
-
- Draw a rectangle 15 cm by 10 cm to represent the area covered by the photograph. (1 mark)
- On the rectangle, sketch and label five human made features. (5 marks)
-
- State five reasons why river transport is poorly developed in Africa. (5 marks)
- Explain five measures taken to solve transport and communication problems in Africa. (10 marks)
-
-
-
- Define the term mining. (1 mark)
- Give four factors that the occurrence of minerals. (4 marks)
- Explain three ways in which mining activities cause pollution. (6 marks)
- Describe the stages involved in gold processing in South Africa (6 marks)
- Explain four problems facing the gold mining industry in South Africa (8 marks)
-
-
- What is unfavourable balance of payments? (2 marks)
- Name three major imports to Kenya from the Far East Asia. (3 marks)
- Explain four benefits of international trade to Kenya. (8 marks)
-
- State four objectives of ECOWAS. (4 marks)
- Explain four problems facing regional trading blocs in Africa. (8 marks)
-
-
- What is a Census? (2 marks)
- State four reasons why a census is important to Kenya (4 marks)
- Explain four positive effects of high population growth to a country. (8 marks)
- Explain three causes of a reduced fertility rate in Kenya (6 marks)
- State five differences between Kenya’s population and that of Sweden. (5 marks)
-
-
-
- Define the term urbanization. (2 marks)
- List the three functional zones of an ideal urban centre. (3 marks)
- Explain four physical factors that influence settlement. (8 marks)
- Explain four factors that have led to the growth of Rotterdam as a large port. (8 marks)
- State four similarities in the functions of Nairobi and New York cities. (4 marks)
-
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
-
- List the two types of environment. (2 marks)
- Natural environment
- Human environment
- Explain how Geography is related to economics. (2 marks)
- Geography focuses on the exploitation of resources, methods of their production, transportation of commodities and their consumption.
- List the two types of environment. (2 marks)
-
- Name two main indigenous breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Zebu
- Boran
- Ankole Cattle
- State three ways in which government policy influences agriculture. (3 marks)
- Imposing quotas that control the importation of locally produced crops such as maize, wheat and sugarcane to protect local farmers.
- Offering subsidies and tax reliefs to lower the cost of production.
- Offering high prices for agricultural produce such as maize and wheat to encourage production.
- Signing trade agreements with foreign countries to expand/secure market for farm produce.
- Financing the establishment of large irrigation schemes to boost rain fed agriculture.
- Name two main indigenous breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya. (2 marks)
- The diagram below some national parks in East Africa. Name the parks marked A, B, C and D. (4 marks)
- A – Tsavo
- B – Murchison fall
- C – Ruwenzori
- D – Ruaha
-
- Give two main projects through which land was reclaimed in the Netherlands. (2 marks)
- Zuider zee project
- Delta plan
- State four benefits that resulted in the reclamation of the Yala swamp in Kenya. (4 marks)
- Floods in the area were controlled
- Land for agriculture became available.
- Pests and waterborne diseases were controlled.
- Some people were settled in the created Bunyala scheme.
- Increased production of food such as rice thus increased income.
- Increased employment in the area.
- Roads in the area were improved thus opening up the area.
- Give two main projects through which land was reclaimed in the Netherlands. (2 marks)
-
- State three physical factors favouring coffee farming in Brazil. (3 marks)
- South East Brazil experiences moderate to high temperatures (140C to 260C) which favours coffee growing.
- High rainfall of about 1500 mm received annually on the Brazilian plateau supports coffee growing.
- Deep, well drained, and porous Terra Rosa soil that is rich in potash and humus.
- Plenty of sunshine due to Brazil’s tropical location favours the ripening of coffee berries.
- Undulating land within the Brazilian Plateau enables the setting up of large plantations.
- Give three similarities between coffee farming in Kenya and in Brazil. (3 marks)
- Both countries produce Arabica coffee as the main coffee variety.
- Both countries produce coffee for both local and export markets.
- Both countries face stiff competition from other coffee producing countries.
- Both countries are affected by fluctuations in the world market prices for coffee.
- Both Kenya and Brazil market their coffee to the same countries
SECTION B
- State three physical factors favouring coffee farming in Brazil. (3 marks)
- Study the photograph below and use it to answer the following questions.
-
- Identify the type of photograph provided. (1 mark)
- Ground general view
- Give two reasons for your answer in (a)(i) above. (2 marks)
- The camera focuses on many objects.
- The horizon can be seen in the background.
- Objects become smaller in size from the foreground towards the background.
- Identify the main activity shown on the photograph. (1 mark)
- Railway transport.
- Identify the type of photograph provided. (1 mark)
-
- Draw a rectangle 15 cm by 10 cm to represent the area covered by the photograph. (1 mark)
- On the rectangle, sketch and label five human made features. (5 marks)
-
- State five reasons why river transport is poorly developed in Africa. (5 marks)
- Some regions in Africa rugged forming steep slopes, rapids and waterfalls that hinder Navigation either upstream or downstream.
- Some rivers have very short navigable stretches thus uneconomical for transportation e.g. R. Senegal.
- Some rivers pass through unproductive areas thus uneconomical to develop river transport.
- Most rivers suffer seasonal fluctuation of water as most pass through regions receiving low rainfall.
- Situation especially at the river mouths and floods plains reduces the ideal depth for vessels.
- Some sections of river are shallow with fast flowing water which hinders smooth navigation e.g. R. Zambezi.
- Some sections of rivers have floating vegetation or swamps which hinder the movement of vessels.
- Some rivers have a high population of hippos and crocodiles which may topple some small boats thus endangering the passengers.
- Explain five measures taken to solve transport and communication problems in Africa. (10 marks).
- Construction of Trans-Continental highways. African countries have agreed to construct highways to improve international
- Construction of international railways to connect land locked countries with sea ports e.g Ethiopia- Djibouti SGR, Tazara, (Zambia) with Dar-Er-Salaam
- Formation of regional trade blocks that encourage improvement of transport and communication within member countries such as COMESA and ECOWAS.
- Establishment of National airlines for effective air link among African countries e.g Kenya Airways, S. African Airways, and Air Uganda.
- Installation of wireless telephone and internet services which have improved communication between African countries.
- Connecting African countries with fiber optic cables to internet hubs which has improved internet connectivity and reduced costs.
- Liberalization of transport and communication sectors to involve private investors which has improved efficiency in the sectors.
- Peace mission through regional governments and the African Union are seeking peace through intervention in some countries. Through peace, transport and communication can be improved/ developed.
- State five reasons why river transport is poorly developed in Africa. (5 marks)
-
-
-
- Define the term mining. (1 mark)
- Mining refers to the process of extracting valuable minerals and fossils fuels on or from the earth’s crust.
- Give four factors that influence the occurrence of minerals. (4 marks)
- Vulcanicity
- Metamorphism
- Weathering
- Leaching
- Erosion
- Sedimentation
- Evaporation
- Define the term mining. (1 mark)
- Explain three ways in which mining activities cause pollution. (6 marks)
- Removal of vegetation to pave way for mining results in severe soil erosion which is a main cause of water pollution.
- Open cast mining produces a lot of dust which contributes to air pollution.
- Dumping of rock waste/overburden from open cast and underground mines results in land pollution.
- Mineral processing plants may discharge toxic effluent which pollutes water bodies such as rivers and lakes.
- Powerful explosives used to blast some hard rocks produces loud blasts that cause noise pollution.
- Describe the stages involved in gold processing in South Africa (6 marks)
- Gold bearing rock (ore) is brought to the surface from the deep mines and crushed into fine powder.
- The ground ore/fine powder is placed in a tank containing sodium cyanide solution.
- The sodium cyanide dissolves the gold particles forming sodium gold cyanide solution.
- Zinc powder is added to the sodium gold cyanide solution causing gold to precipitate.
- The gold precipitate is then separated from the cyanide solution in a filter process.
- Gold is then smelted in a furnace. Borax and soda ash are added to the molten gold to remove other less precious metals and impurities(refining)
- Pure gold obtained is then moulded into standard bars ready for sale.
- Explain four problems facing the gold mining industry in South Africa (8 marks)
- Cost of mining has increased due to deepening of the mines as South African gold mines are some of the deepest in the world.
- There is an increase in demand to provide higher wages leading to increased costs and frequent strikes that affect mining.
- Mines have become deep leading to problems of cooling, ventilation and pumping out excess flood water.
- Gold quality currently being mined is decreasing with deepening of the mines as compared to gold that was mined in previous years.
- Depletion of gold in the old mines results in high cost of exploring new sites.
- Shortage of skilled labour due to competition from other countries and sector of economy.
- Inadequate water supply for processing due to rapid urbanization and seasonal rainfall as gold requires a lot of water.
-
-
- What is unfavourable balance of payments? (2 marks)
- Adverse/unfavourable balance of payment is a situation where the value of a country’s total exports (visible + invisible exports) is less than the value of its total imports (visible + invisible imports) thus a trade deficit.
- Name three major imports to Kenya from the Far East Asia. (3 marks)
- Motor Vehicles.
- Electronics
- Pharmaceuticals
- Industrial Machinery
- Clothes and foot wear.
- Vegetable oils
- Rice and Wheat.
- Iron and steel.
- Explain four benefits of international trade to Kenya. (8 marks)
- Kenya earns foreign exchange/currency through international trade. The hard currency is used in import trade.
- Trade generates revenue to the government through value added tax, tariffs customs duty charged at entry point for goods.
- Demand for goods both locally and internationally stimulates industrial growth as more industries are set up to produce the goods.
- Improvement in the transport sector such as railway, tarmac roads and international airports to facilitate the movement of goods in and out of the country.
- Trade has stimulated the exploitation of natural resources due to demand for certain goods from Kenya.
- Creation of employment opportunities in cargo clearing and forwarding/logistics activities to many Kenyans dealing in foreign trade.
- External trade has led to the development and expansion of towns such as Name, Lunga Lunga, Taveta and Mandera.
- Expansion of Agriculture as most trade items are Agricultural commodities.
- Trade has stimulated the development of activities such as banking, insurance and warehousing.
- External trade gives Kenyan consumers a wide variety of goods that are unavailable locally to satisfy their wants.
-
- State four objectives of ECOWAS. (4 marks)
- To encourage trade among member states.
- To eliminate trade barriers on locally produced goods in the region.
- To promote free movement of goods and people in the region.
- To encourage the improvement of transport and communication in order to facilitate trade.
- To co-operate on matters on research in Agriculture forestry and industrial development
- Explain four problems facing regional trading blocs in Africa. (8 marks)
- Some countries within the same trading bloc produce similar goods thus making the volume of trade to be low.
- Civil wars in some countries results to insecurity which negatively affects trade.
- Political differences among some leaders of member states have affected their co-operation.
- Free trade denies the importing countries the revenue they would have earned from customs duty/ levies.
- The flow of goods and services in the blocs is still slow due to poverty among the majority of the people in the regions.
- Poor transport and communication between member states slow the flow of goods and services.
- Different levels of industrialization makes some countries to rely on those that are more industrialized.
- State four objectives of ECOWAS. (4 marks)
- What is unfavourable balance of payments? (2 marks)
-
-
- What is a Census? (2 marks)
- A population census is the total process of collecting, compiling analyzing and publishing demographic, social and economic data pertaining all persons in a country at a specific time
Or - A census refers to the counting of the entire population of a country or area while compiling the social and economic information of the people
- A population census is the total process of collecting, compiling analyzing and publishing demographic, social and economic data pertaining all persons in a country at a specific time
- State four reasons why a census is important to Kenya (4 marks)
- A census provides information on the trends of mortality and fertility
- Information obtained helps governments to plan for the provision of basic facilities such as schools hospitals and food
- It helps in the creation of new administrative units such as counties, constituencies or wards
- It shows the composition of population in terms of age sex and regional distribution
- Total population assists the government to know if there are adequate resources
- A population census enables the estimation of population growth to determine literacy level.
- What is a Census? (2 marks)
- Explain four positive effects of high population growth to a country. (8 marks)
- Increased exploitation of natural resources that would otherwise remain underutilized/idle.
- There is a larger domestic market which promotes industrial development and expansion.
- Availability of cheap labour for large scale production thus cheaper goods.
- Increased innovation and creativity due to increased competition among citizens in various sectors.
- Increased urbanization thus development and expansion of basic facilities such as roads, power, water and social amenities
- Explain three causes of a reduced fertility rate in Kenya (6 marks)
- Increased rate of use of birth control measures among many productive females which lowers the number of children.
- More girls are attending school up to tertiary levels thus delaying in getting married which contributes to a lower fertility rate.
- Increased number of women mainly in urban centres opting to remain single thus opting to have very few children
- Modern career opportunities may delay young women from getting children as some employers avoid women who keep on going on maternity leave.
- Hard economic times in urban centres and the high cost of child upkeep have forced many people to limit the number of children which lowers the fertility rate.
- State five differences between Kenya’s population and that of Sweden. (5 marks)
- The birth rate in Kenya is high while in Sweden it is low
- The death rate in Kenya is relatively high while the death rate in Sweden is low
- Fertility rate in Kenya is high while fertility rate in Sweden is low
- Kenya’s population has a large number of young people below 20 years while Sweden’s population has a large number of mature and aged people / old people
- The population growth rate in Kenya is high while the population growth rate in Sweden is low
- Kenya’s population has a high dependency ratio while Sweden’s population has a low dependency ratio
-
-
-
- Define the term urbanization. (2 marks)
- The process through which a population is transformed from a rural-based agricultural life style to a modern commercial/industrial life style.
OR - This is the process whereby an increasing number of the total population in a country settles in a place leading to the growth or expansion of towns.
- The process through which a population is transformed from a rural-based agricultural life style to a modern commercial/industrial life style.
- List the three functional zones of an ideal urban centre. (3 marks)
- Central business district
- Industrial zone
- Residential zone
- Define the term urbanization. (2 marks)
- Explain four physical factors that influence settlement. (8 marks)
- Climate
- Areas that receive high rainfall attract many people as such support subsistence and commercial farming.
- Areas that receive low and very low rainfall attract very few people due to inadequate food and pasture.
- Regions that experience moderate to high temperatures have dense settlements.
- Areas that experience very high or very low temperatures are uncomfortable for humans, livestock and crops thus have very few settlements
- Relief
- Gently sloping land is ideal for construction and crop farming thus attracts many settlements.
- Mountain tops and steep slopes are avoided/ have very few/no settlements due to difficulties in construction of houses and roads.
- Windward slopes are wetter thus attract dense settlements while leeward slopes are drier thus have fewer settlements.
- In temperate regions, slopes facing towards the equator are warmer thus have dense settlements.
- Drainage
- Springs and rivers are provide clean water thus attract many settlements.
- Swamps and marshes harbor pests and hinder construction thus discouraging settlements.
- Soils
- Deep and Well drained soils with a wide variety of mineral nutrients attract many settlements due to their high agricultural productivity.
- Infertile soils discourage settlements due to low agricultural productivity.
- Availability of land
- Settlements can only be established where there is open space.
- Settlements can be concentrated in a specific area while the rest of land is reserved for economic activities such as large scale farming or grazing.
- Climate
- Explain four factors that have led to the growth of Rotterdam as a large port. (8 marks)
- Rivers Rhine and Maas. Rotterdam is located at the mouth of rivers Rhine and Maas which are navigable to large parts of interior Europe thus easy access.
- Strategic location in Western Europe where sea routes converge from America, Africa and other parts of Europe gives Rotterdam and advantage over other European ports.
- Warm North Atlantic Drift Ocean current provides ice free conditions thus enabling the port to operate throughout the year.
- Its industrial function enables Rotterdam to receive a lot of raw materials and also deal in manufactured goods.
- New waterway consisting of Caland and Beer canals provided a deep harbor to handle many vessels.
- Construction of the Europoort which is an out port near the main entrance to handle very large ships that couldn’t reach the inner port areas greatly expanded the port.
- A large hinterland. Rotterdam serves a large hinterland in Western Europe such as Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg Switzerland and Austria thus handles transit goods.
- State four similarities in the functions of Nairobi and New York cities. (4 marks)
- Both cities are industrial centres with both light and heavy industry.
- Both cities are education centres with high schools colleges and universities.
- Both cities are international centres with Nairobi having UNEP and UN-HABITAT offices while New York is the headquarters of UNO, UNHCR and UN Security Council.
- Both cities are tourist centres with several attractions.
- Both cities are trade centres with securities exchange markets
- Both cities are transport and communication centres.
-
Download Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Lanjet Joint Mock Exams 2023.
Tap Here to Download for 50/-
Get on WhatsApp for 50/-
Why download?
- ✔ To read offline at any time.
- ✔ To Print at your convenience
- ✔ Share Easily with Friends / Students