Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Kassu Jet Joint Mock Exams 2023

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

This paper has two sections A and B
Answer ALL the questions in section A. In section B answer questions 6 and any other TWO questions.

QUESTIONS

SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section.

1. What is the relationship between Geography and Mathematics? (2 marks)
2. Identify three branches of Geography. (3 marks)
1. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow:
  1. What type of Eclipse is represented by the diagram? (1 mark)
  2. Explain how the eclipse above occurs. (2 marks)
2. What is the time at Hola on 400E when the time at Tema on 00 longitude is 12:00 noon? (2 marks)
1. Apart from Fold Mountains, name three other features resulting from folding. (3 marks)
2. State two factors that determine the folding of crustal rocks. (2 marks)
1. Give three reasons why some Lakes of Kenya have saline water. (3 marks)
2. Outline two economic uses of lakes. (2 marks)
1. What is natural vegetation? (2 marks)
2. State three characteristics of the Mediterranean type of vegetation. (3 marks)

SECTION B

Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (Sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
1. 1. What is the vertical interval of the map extract? (1 mark)
  2. Using the marginal information, give the magnetic variation of the area when the map extracts was drawn. (1 mark)
  3. Measure the length of the regional boundary from the map edge at grid square 9999 to Northing 97. Give your answer in kilometres. (2 marks)
  4. What is the approximate height of the seasonal swamp in the Kano plains? (2 marks)
2. 1. Using a vertical scale of 1 centimetre to represent 50 metres draw a cross section from grid reference 080920 to grid reference 080980. (4 marks)
    On it, mark and label the following:
    1. Sugarcane plantation (1 mark)
    2. Steep slope (1 mark)
    3. All weather road bound surface C543/1. (1 mark)
  2. Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section. (2 marks)
3. Describe the characteristics of the big profile of river Luando (6 marks)
4. Citing evidence from the map, explain two factors that favour trade in the area covered by the map. (4 marks)
1. 1. What is a rock? (2 marks)
  2. Describe the following characteristics of mineral:
    - Tenacity (2 marks)
    - Lusture (2 marks)
    - Cleavage (2 marks)
2. 1. Name two examples of intrusive igneous rocks. (2 marks)
  2. Describe the formation of Plutonic rocks. (4 marks)
3. Explain three significance of rocks to the economy of Kenya. (6 marks)
4. Your class is planning to carry out a fieldwork on rocks around your school.
  1. Outline three activities you would engage in before the study. (3 marks)
  2. State two challenges you are likely to face during the field study. (2 marks)
1. Outline two ways in which river water flows within the channel. (2 marks)
2. 1. State three factors that influence river erosion. (3 marks)
  2. Describe how the river erodes through the following processes;
    - Hydraulic action (4 marks)
    - Solution (2 marks)
3. Using a well labeled diagram, describe how the following feature are formed:
  - Interlocking spurs (4 marks)
  - Natural levees (4 marks)
4. Explain three negative effects of rivers. (6 marks)
1. 1. Differentiate between Vulcanicity and volcanicity. (2 marks)
  2. Describe how lava plateau is formed. (4 marks)
  3. The diagram below shows some intrusive features formed by vulcanicity. Use it to answer questions below.
    1. Name the features marked E, F and G. (3 marks)
    2. Explain how feature marked E is formed. (4 marks)
2. Students carried out a field study on volcanic rocks.
  1. Give four reasons why it is necessary to collect rock samples during such a field study. (4 marks)
  2. State two problems they are likely to have experienced during the field study. (2 marks)
  3. Outline two follow-up activities. (2 marks)
3. 1. Give three causes of Earthquakes. (3 marks)
  2. Name three natural major earthquake zones of the world. (3 marks)
1. 1. What is soil contena? (2 marks)
  2. Give three factors that determine the colour of soil. (3 marks)
  3. State three ways in which mulching helps in soil conservation. (3 marks)
2. Explain how the following forming practices cases soil erosion.
  1. Burning (4 marks)
  2. Over cultivation (4 marks)
  3. Give two economic uses of soil. (2 marks)
3. You are supposed to carry out a field study of an eroded area:
  1. State three methods you would use to control soil erosion. (3 marks)
  2. What would be disadvantages of using secondary methods of collecting data in this kind of study? (2 marks)
  3. Identify the methods you would use to record the observations. (2 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1. What is the relationship between Geography and Mathematics? (2 marks)
  Geographical concepts are applied in calculating direction / bearing in mathematics. While in mathematical formulae and principles are used in Geography to calculate area, distance, eman, bearing, percentage, density, etc.
2. Identify three branches of Geography. (3 marks)
  Human and economic geography
  Physical geography
1. Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow:
  1. What type of Eclipse is represented by the diagram? (1 mark)
    Solar eclipse
  2. Explain how the eclipse above occurs. (2 marks)
2. What is the time at Hola on 400E when the time at Tema on 00 longitude is 12:00 noon? (2 marks)
  Difference in degrees = 40°
  10 = 4 min
  40° x 4 = 160 minutes
  160/60 = 2 hr 40 min
  12:00 + 2:40 mins = 14:40 hrs or 2:40 pm
1. Apart from Fold Mountains, name three other features resulting from folding. (3 marks)
  Rolling plans
  Ridge and valley landscape
  Inter-montane plateaus
  Inter-montane basins
  Synclinal valleys / depressions
2. State two factors that determine the folding of crustal rocks. (2 marks)
  Strength of intensity of the compressional force
  Temperature within rocks
  The age of sedimentary rocks
1. Give three reasons why some Lakes of Kenya have saline water. (3 marks)
  High temperature in the locality of the lakes which leads to high evaporation rates resulting in the accumulation of salts in the lakes
  Some lakes are fed by underground streams or underground water containing large amount of dissolved salts.
  Some lakes have salty bed rocks which get dissolved water in the lakes
  Some rivers and run-off water draining into the lakes bring in large amounts of dissolved salts.
2. Outline two economic uses of lakes. (2 marks)
  Fresh water lakes provide fresh water for domestic and industrial use
  Fresh water lakes provide irrigation water thus promoting agriculture
  Man-made lakes are used to generate HEP for domestic and industrial uses
  Some lakes provide a cheap means of transport thus promoting trade
  Some lakes have valuable minerals that are exploited for income and as industrial raw-materials
  Some lakes are sources of fish which promotes the fishing industry
  some lakes are sources of fish which promotes the fishing industry
  many lakes attract tourists for recreation thus bringing in foreign exchange
1. What is natural vegetation? (2 marks)
  Natural vegetation is the plant cover growing in an area without interference by man or animals.
2. State three characteristics of the Mediterranean type of vegetation. (3 marks)
  Waterlogged areas support swamp vegetation
  Most forests have thick forests
  Some plants are evergreen
  Most trees are of moderate height with few branches
  Dry areas have woody and scrub vegetation
  Some areas have shrubs, thickets and thorn bush

SECTION B

Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (Sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
1. 1. What is the vertical interval of the map extract? (1 mark)
    20 meters
  2. Using the marginal information, give the magnetic variation of the area when the map extracts was drawn. (1 mark)
    2°32’
  3. Measure the length of the regional boundary from the map edge at grid square 9999 to Northing 97. Give your answer in kilometres. (2 marks)
    km + 0.1
    (6.0 – 6.2) km
  4. What is the approximate height of the seasonal swamp in the Kano plains? (2 marks)
    Above 1140m and below 1160 metres above the seasonal
2. 1. Using a vertical scale of 1 centimetre to represent 50 metres draw a cross
    section from grid reference 080920 to grid reference 080980. (4 marks)
    On it, mark and label the following:
    1. Sugarcane plantation (1 mark)
    2. Steep slope (1 mark)
    3. All weather road bound surface C543/1. (1 mark)
  2. Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section. (2 marks)
    V.E. = (V.S.)/(H.S.)
    = (1 cm rep 5 cm.)/(1⁄(50 000))
    = (1∶5000)/(1⁄50000)
    = 1⁄5000 ÷ 1/50000
    = 1⁄5000 x (50 000)/1
    = 10 meters
    (2 x 1 = 2 marks)
3. Describe the characteristics of the big profile of river Luando (6 marks)
  The river has many meanders
  The river has many tributes that form a dentritic pattern
  The river is permanent
  The river has distributaries / delta
  Some parts of the long profile have several swamps
  River Luando flows from the North Eastern direction
  The river flows on a wide valley.
  (6 x 1 = 6 marks)
4. Citing evidence from the map, explain two factors that favour trade in the area covered by the map. (4 marks)
  There is presence of many roads which enable easy movement of goods and services in the area.
  Presence of many market centres / town which provide opportunities for trade to take place.
  Availability of track commodities due to presence of cotton ginnery / flour mill / sugarcane plantation which are necessary for trade.
  (2 x 2 = 4 marks)
1. 1. What is a rock? (2 marks)
    It is a combination of mineral particles cemented together to make the solid part of the earth’s crust.
  2. Describe the following characteristics of mineral:
    Tenacity (2 marks)
    Tenacity is the ability of a mineral to withstand the tearing, crushing or breaking.
    Lusture (2 marks)
    Lustre is the ability of a mineral to reflect light.
    Cleavage (2 marks)
    Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break into some given patterns.
2. 1. Name two examples of intrusive igneous rocks. (2 marks)
    Granite
    Perioditite
    Diorite
    Syenite
    Gabbro
  2. Describe the formation of Plutonic rocks. (4 marks)
    Earth movements form cracks in the earth’s crust.
    Due to intense heat and pressure, magma in the earth’s interior is forced to intrude the earth’s crust.
    The intruding magma may get trapped in the earth’s crust.
    The magma cools and solidify to form coarse grained rocks due to slow cooling.
3. Explain three significance of rocks to the economy of Kenya. (6 marks)
  Some rocks weather to form deep soils which are used for agriculture thus generates income for many people.
  Some rocks weather to form unique features that create a beautiful sceneries that attract tourists thus generates income for the country when tourists visit to see them.
  Some rocks provide building and construction materials thus promoting the building industry.
  Soap stones are curved into artifacts which are sold to generate income.
  Rock salts are sources of food for people and animals which improves their diet.
  Some rocks are source of gemstones for ornamental value which are sold for income.
  Some rocks are used to make fertilizers which are important for agriculture.
  Some rocks reserve underground water which is exploited for domestic, agricultural and industrial use.
  Some sedimentary rocks reserve fossil fuels which are exploited to produce energy for domestic and industrial use.
  Some rocks have valuable mineral which are exploited and sold to generate income for the country.
4. Your class is planning to carry out a fieldwork on rocks around your school.
  1. Outline two activities you would engage in before the study. (2 marks)
    Seeking permission from the relevant authorities.
    Setting the objectives and hypotheses.
    Reading more about the topic of study.
    Holding discussions on the topic of study.
    Carrying out a pre-visit / reconnaissance.
    Preparing questions and questionnaire to be used during fieldwork for data collection.
    Deciding on means of travelling to the area of study.
    Obtaining a route map.
    Gathering the relevant materials and tools for the fieldwork.
    Conduction sampling in case the area is too large.
    Dividing the class into groups and appointing the group leaders.
    Preparing working schedule.
  2. State two challenges you are likely to face during the field study. (2 marks)
    Language barrier causing miscommunication between the researcher and the respondents leading to inaccurate data.
    Occurrence of heavy rainfall which interrupts the data collection process.
    Hostility from some of the respondents leading to unavailability of data.
    Dishonest respondents leading to obtaining of wrong information.
    Occurrence of accidents in the field thus inconveniencing the data collection process.
    Attack by some wild animals leading to inconveniencing of data collection process.
    Inaccessibility of some areas due to steep slopes thus making data collection process impossible.
    Fatigue
    Sudden illness among the students.
1. Outline two ways in which river water flows within the channel. (2 marks)
  Lamina flow
  Turbulent flow
  Helicoidal / corkscrew flow
  Plunge flow
2. 1. State three factors that influence river erosion. (3 marks)
    River volume / stream volume / volume of water in the stream
    Gradient and velocity of the river
    Nature and the amount of load
    Nature of bed rock in the river channel
  2. Describe how the river erodes through the following processes;
    Hydraulic action (4 marks)
    This is the quarrying effect of moving water.
    As the river flows water is forced ion the river banks with cracks and joints.
    Air in the cracks is compressed.
    The compressed air creates pressure on the cracks so the cracks widens.
    As the water retreats, pressure on the cracks so the cracks widens.
    As the water retreats, pressure in the cracks is released suddenly.
    Repeated compression and widening of the cracks causes the rocks to break / shatter.
    The retreating water carries away loose rock particles.
    The force of moving water and eddying currents sweep away the loose materials in the channels.
    Solution (2 marks)
    This is the corrosive effect of river water on the rocks over which the river flows.
    Soluble minerals in the river channel are dissolved by river water or presence of organic acids.
    The dissolved load is then carried downstream in solution form.
3. Using a well labeled diagram, describe how the following feature are formed:
  Interlocking spurs (4 marks)
  Highlight projections into the river valley which appear as they fit each other.
  Formation
  A river flows swiftly in its youthful stage.
  When it meets a resistant rock, the river flows swiftly around it instead of cutting through, so it forms a winding course.
  The river erodes the outer banks of the winding channel than the inner banks because of strong water currents.
  This causes the bends to be more pronounced hence the formation of interlocking spurs.
  The outer bank are undercut becomes river cliff / bluff while materials are deposited the inner bank forming gentle sloping banks called slip off slope.
  Natural levees (4 marks)
  Raised river banks / embankments which are made of alluvial materials.
  Formation
  During heavy rains, river floods and spills over its banks.
  Due to this, the speed of the water suddenly reduces.
  Coarser materials are deposited immediately near the river banks and fine materials are carried further on to the flood plain.
  Coarse materials also accumulate on the river bed.
  After the flood, the volume of water subsides and the river returns to the river channel, so deposited occur on the river bed.
  With time repeated deposition causes the river bed and the river banks to be raised.
  The raised river banks are then referred to as natural levees.
4. Explain three negative effects of rivers. (6 marks)
  Rivers flood causing loss of life, displacement of people and destruction of property.
  River water can be a medium of spreading waterborne diseases such as bilharzia and malaria.
  Some rivers are wide and deep acting as barriers to transport and communication and also make it difficult an expensive.
  Some rivers harbor dangerous wild animals which can kill human being e.g. crocodiles, hippos and snakes.
1. 1. Differentiate between Vulcanicity and volcanicity. (2 marks)
    Vulcanicity is the process through which liquid gaseous and solid materials are forced out of the earth’s interior into the rocks of the crust or ejected to the surface. While volcanicity is the process where molten rock from the earth’s interior called magma reaches from earth’s surface to form extrusive volcanic features.
  2. Describe how lava plateau is formed. (4 marks)
    Earth movements form many fissures or vents in the rocks or he crust. Ultra-basic magma reaches the ground surface through the fissures or vents in a quiet eruption.
    The highly fluid hot lava flows and spreads out on the earth’s surface to cover long distance and wide areas.
    The lava fills and cover valleys and depressions on the earth’s surface.
    The lava cools and solidifies to cover an extensive fairly flat lowland area called a lava plain.
    Successive eruptions leads to accumulation of thick layers of lava forming a solid layers of lava of extensive and fairly flat upland are called a lava plateau.
  3. The diagram below shows some intrusive features formed by vulcanicity. Use it to answer questions below.
    1. Name the features marked E, F and G. (3 marks)
      E – Dyke
      F – Batholith
      G – Laccolith
    2. Explain how feature marked E is formed. (4 marks)
      Earth movements form a vertical or an inclined vent across the crustal rock layers. Magma is forced upwards through the vents magma cools and solidifies slowly inside the vent forming a wall-like mass of intrusive igneous rocks called a dyke.
2. Students carried out a field study on volcanic rocks.
  1. Give four reasons why it is necessary to collect rock samples during such a field study. (4 marks)
    There is no field laboratory where the rock samples can be analyzed
    There is no adequate time in the field
    To enable them build a collection of rock samples
    It would expose more students to their findings through display of their findings
    To create interest
  2. State two problems they are likely to have experienced during the field study. (2 marks)
    Some students may be injured by the rocks
    Inability to collect the right samples
    Inaccessibility of some sample sites
    The heavy weight of the rock samples hence difficult to carry.
  3. Outline two follow-up activities. (2 marks)
    Discussing the findings in class in groups
    Writing reports in essay form
    Calculation of percentages, means, medians
    Laboratory testing of samples
    Presentation of data using methods such as graphs
3. 1. Give three causes of Earthquakes. (3 marks)
    Movement of tectonic plates
    Gravitative pressure
    Movement of magma within the rocks
    Folding and faulting of rocks of the crust
    Isostatic adjustment
    Energy release from the mantle
  2. Name three natural major earthquake zones of the world. (3 marks)
    Circum – Pacific belt
    Mediterranean – East Indies belt
    Mid-Atlantic ocean belt
    Great Rift valley belt
1. 1. What is soil catena? (2 marks)
    Soil catena is the sequence of difficult soils from the same parent rock on a slope.
  2. Give three factors that determine the colour of soil. (3 marks)
    The type of parent rock
    The amount of organic matter / humus
    The chemical composition / minerals
    The amount of water in the soil
  3. State three ways in which mulching helps in soil conservation. (3 marks)
    Plant materials used decompose increasing soil humus
    It protects the soil against wind erosion
    It protects the helps to increase infiltration rate of water in the soil.
    It helps reduce water loss from the soil / retain soil moisture.
2. Explain how the following forming practices cases soil erosion.
  1. Burning (4 marks)
    Burning destroys micro-organisms which are essential for the formation of humus which binds soil particles together
    Burning destroys vegetable matter that protects the soil against erosion
    Burning destroys the nitrogen fixing bacteria making the soil less fertile and therefore few plants and less protection of the soil.
    Burning loosens the soil making it susceptible to erosion.
  2. Over cultivation (4 marks)
    Over cultivation leads to exhaustion of certain minerals from the soil making it infertile and bore leading to its erosion.
    Over cultivation leads to loosening of soils particles there by encouraging soil erosion.
  3. Give two economic uses of soil. (2 marks)
    It is used as row material in industry / pottery / glass making / brick making
    Soils supports agriculture
    Some soils contain valuable minerals
    Some soils have medicinal value / food
    It is used in building and construction
3. You are supposed to carry out a field study of an eroded area:
  1. State three methods you would use to control soil erosion. (3 marks)
    Construction of gabions
    Afforestation / reaforestation
    Construction of drainage trenches
    Construction of check dams
    Filling in the gullies
  2. What would be disadvantages of using secondary methods of collecting data in this kind of study? (2 marks)
    Recorded data could be out of date
    Conditions under which such data was collected may be changed
    Obtaining records on the particular soil area may be difficult.
  3. Identify the methods you would use to record the observations. (2 marks)
    Photographing
    Motor taking
    Video recording
    Field sketching