Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Chogoria Murugi Zone Pre Mock Exams 2023

SECTION A:

Answer all questions in this section

1.  
   1. State two sub- branches of physical geography. (2 mks)
   2. Give three reasons as to why it is important to study Geography. (3 mks)
2.  
   1. Differentiate between seismic focus and epicenter. (2 mks)
   2. Give three causes of earthquakes. (3 mks)
3.  
   1. Name two major types of vegetation zones in the world. (2 mks)
   2. State three characteristics of coniferous forest. (3 mks)
4.  
   1. The diagram below shows a water cycle. Use it to answer the question that follow.
      
      1. Name the processes labelled. (3 mks)
         1. A_________________________
         2. B_________________________
         3. C_________________________
      2. State two factors influencing the amount of surface run-off. (2 mks)
5.  
   1. What is a lake? (2 mks)
   2. Give three reasons why some lakes in the Kenyan Rift valley are salty. (3 mks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section

6. Study the map of Kisumu 1:50,000 (sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
   
   1.  
      1. Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map? (1 mk)
      2. Name the three human-made features in the grid square 0193. (3 mks)
      3. Identify two methods used to show relief on the map. (2 mks)
      4. Calculate the area of Kisumu town. Give your answer in square kilometres.(2 mks)
      5. Name two types of natural vegetation. (2 mks)
   2. Draw a square 10cm by 10cm to represent the area enclosed by easting 00 and 10, and Northings 80 and 90. (1 mk)
      On it mark and name the following
      • Air photo principal point (04) (1 mk)
      • Chinga market (1 mk)
      • All weather road bound surface. (1 mk)
      • River Ombeyi. (1 mk)
   3. Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map. (4 mks)
   4. Citing evidence from the map, give three economic activities carried out in the area by the map. (6 mks)
7.  
   1.  
      1. Differentiate between a rock and a mineral. (2 mks)
      2. Describe the following characteristics of minerals.
         1. Colour (1 mk)
         2. Hardness (2 mks)
   2.  
      1. What are igneous rocks. (2 mks)
      2. State three notable differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks. (3 mks)
   3. Describe the formation of the following rocks.
      1. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks. (3 mks)
      2. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks. (3 mks)
   4.  
      1. Identify the missing type of rocks. (3 mks)
         

         Original rock	Metamorphic rock
         Limestone	(i)
         (ii)	Graphite
         Granite	(iii)

      2. Supposing you were to carry out a field study on rocks at the Kenyan Coast.
         1. State two reasons as to why you would ask for permission from the school administration. (2 mks)
         2. What reasons would you give for the widespread at sedimentary rocks at the Coastal plain. (3 mks)
8.  
   1.  
      1. Differentiate between orogeny and orogenesis. (2 mks)
      2. State three factors that influence folding. (3 mks)
   2.  
      1. Apart from Recumbent fold name three types of folds. (3 mks)
      2. With the aid of a well labeled diagrams describe how a recumbent fold is formed.  (6 mks)
   3. Name three features formed by folding. (3 mks)
   4. Explain four positive effects of folding to human activities. (8 mks)
9.  
   1.  
      1. State three sources of ocean salts. (3 mks)
      2. Name two types of tides. (2 mks)
   2. With the aid of a well labeled diagrams describe how a stack is formed. (8 mks)
   3.  
      1. Name two types of submerged highland coasts. (2 mks)
      2. State two factors influencing deposition by ocean waves. (2 mks)
   4. Explain four significance of oceans to human activities. (8 mks)
10.  
    1.  
       1. Differentiate between soil profile and soil catena. (2 mks)
       2. Draw a well labeled diagram of a mature soil profile. (5 mks)
    2.  
       1. Other than topography name three factors that influence formation of soil. (3 mks)
       2. Explain how topography influence formation of soil. (3 mks)
       3. List three characteristics of desert soils. (3 mks)
    3.  
       1. Give three types of soil erosion. (3 mks)
       2. Explain three effects of soil erosion on human activities. (6 mks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A:

Answer all questions in this section

1.  
   1. Branches of physical geography. (2 mks)
      • Geomorphology
      • Climatology
        
      • Biogeography
        
      • Pedology
      • hydrology
   2. Important to study Geography. (3 mks)
      • It provide knowledge on the environment/ makes us understand the earth we lie in.
      • It creates awareness on social values which create national unity in our country.
      • It helps students to manage time properly.
      • It creates international awareness which promotes international understanding/cooperation
      • It promotes awareness on proper use of environment resources /resource ,management.
      • Promotes development of practical skills and critical thinking.
      • Prepare one of career opportunities.
      • Provided knowledge on formation and evolution of land forms.
2.  
   1. Differentiate between seismic focus and epicenter. (2 mks)
      • Seismic focus is the point of origin of earthquake waves in the earth’s interior while
        
      • Epicentre is a point of earth’s surface directly and vertically above the seismic focus.
   2. Causes of earthquakes. (3 mks)
      • Movement of tectonic plates at compression and extension boundaries.
      • Gravitative pressure in the rocks of the crust.
      • Movement of magma within rocks of the crust.
      • Folding and faulting of rocks of the crust.
      • Isostatic adjustments in the rocks of the crust.
      • Energy release from the mantle due to radio activity.
      • Human activities like;
        • Explosion of nuclear bombs.
        • Construction of large water reservoirs
        • Use of explosives to blasts rocks in mining.
        • Movement of heavy or large machinery on the surface.
3.  
   1. vegetation zones in the world. (2 mks)
      • Forests
      • Grasslands (tropical and temperate grasslands)
      • Mountain/Alphine vegetation
      • Cold temperate (Arctic vegetation and Tundra vegetation.
   2. characteristics of coniferous forest. (3 mks)
      • Most trees are soft wood.
      • They are light
      • Trees mature faster than hardwoods
      • Most trees are evergreen
      • Trees grow in pure or single stands.
      • Forests have a moderate density of trees.
        
      • Trees have a taller sleder stems.
      • Trees have thin, needle like leaves.
      • Leaves and barks have wax coverin to protect them winter cold.
      • Trees are conical shaped with flexible branches.
      • Shallow and wide spread roots.
      • Little undergrowth due to cold winter
4.  
   1. The diagram below shows a water cycle. Use it to answer the question that follow.
      1. Name the processes labelled. (3 mks)
         1. A_Cooling and condensation
         2. B_Evaporation
         3. C_Infiltration
      2. State two factors influencing the amount of surface run-off. (2 mks)
         • Gradient of the land
         • Nature of surface rocks/soils
         • Water table/level of soil saturation
         • Vegetation cover
         • Human activities.
5.  
   1. What is a lake? (2 mks)
      • It is an extensive mass of water that has accumulated in a depression or hollow on the earth surface.
   2. Reasons why some lakes in the Kenyan Rift valley are salty. (3 mks)
      • Absence of outlets hence salt accumulate in the water.
      • High temperatures in the locality of the lakes which leads to high evaporation rates resulting in the accumulation of salts in the lakes.
      • Some lakes are fed by underground stream containing large amounts of dissolved salts.
      • Some lakes have salty bed rocks which get dissolved by water in the lakes.
      • Some rivers and run-off water draining into the lakes bring in large amounts of dissolved salts.

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section

6. Study the map of Kisumu 1:50,000 (sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
   1.  
      1. Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map? (1 mk)
         
         • 34°45’ to 35°00’ / 15’
           
         • 34°45’ to 34°53°E/8’
      2. Name the three human-made features in the grid square 0193. (3 mks)
         • main track/motorable track
         • plantation
         • Agricultural department
         • Houses
         • Built up area
      3. Identify two methods used to show relief on the map. (2 mks)
         • Contours
         • Trigonometric stations rocks and cliff drawing/ pictorial
         • Rock and cliff drawing/pictorial
      4. Calculate the area of Kisumu town. Give your answer in square kilometres. (2 mks)
         complete squares 5
         incomplete squares ¹⁶/₂
         Total area 13km ± 0.5
      5. Name two types of natural vegetation. (2 mks)
         • Scrub
         • Scattered trees
         • Woodland
         • Papyrus vegetation
   2. Draw a square 10cm by 10cm to represent the area enclosed by easting 00 and 10, and Northings 80 and 90. (1 mk)
      On it mark and name the following
      • Air photo principal point (04) (1 mk)
      • Chinga market (1 mk)
      • All weather road bound surface. (1 mk
      • River Ombeyi. (1 mk)
        
   3. Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map. (4 mks)
      • There are few clustered settlements within the plantation.
      • There are a few settlement in the poorly drained area/seasonal swamps.
      • Dense/cluster settlement are found within Kisumu town and the surrounding/market centres/well drained areas.
      • There is linear settlement on Nyando escarpment in the North East.
      • There is dispersed settlement in the N.E
   4. Citing evidence from the map, give three economic activities carried out in the area by the map. (6 mks)
      

      Activity	Evidence
      Trade	Market
      Transport	Road./motorable track/railway
      Quarrying	Quarries
      Crop farming	cotton ginnery/agricultural research station/sisal factory
      Milling/processing	Flour mill/sisal factory ginnery
      Communication	post office/wireless station/telephone line

7.  
   1.  
      1. Differentiate between a rock and a mineral. (2 mks)
         • A rock is a substance that is an aggregate of mineral particles farming the earth’s crust while minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substance with definite physical and chemical properties occurring at or beneath the surface of the earth.
      2. Describe the following characteristics of minerals.
         1. Colour (1 mk)
            • Different minerals displays different colours e.g gold is yellow
         2. Hardness (2 mks)
            • This is a measure at resistance at a mineral to disintegration. Some minerals e.g diamond have a high resistance to breakage while others are soft.
   2.  
      1. What are igneous rocks. (2 mks)
         • These are rocks that are formed from cooling and solidification at magma or lave on or below the earth’s surface.
      2. State three notable differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks. (3 mks)
         • Plutonic rocks form from magma while volcanic rocks form from lava.
         • Plutonic rocks form deep in the earth’s crust while volcanic form on the surface of the earth.
         • During formation of plutonic rocks magma cools slowly while during volcanic lava cools rapidly.
         • Plutonic rocks form large crystals while volcanic form small crystals.
   3. Describe the formation of the following rocks.
      1. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks. (3 mks)
         • Sediments of rock particles are derived from pre-existing rocks by the process of weathering
         • The sediments are transported by agents of weathering eg water, wind, ice and deposited in sea or land in layers.
         • The sediments undergo compaction and cementation as more layers are deposited and consolidated to form new rocks.
      2. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks. (3 mks)
         • They form when minerals in rocks get dissolved and carried in solution in water bodies.
         • water reaction with these diossolved minerals leads to precipitation of the sediments.
         • The sediments accumulate at the bottom of the water body and finally compress to form a rock.
   4.  
      1. Identify the missing type of rocks. (3 mks)
         

         Original rock	Metamorphic rock
         Limestone	(i) marble
         (ii)	Graphite
         Granite	(iii) gnesis

      2. Supposing you were to carry out a field study on rocks at the Kenyan Coast.
         1. State two reasons as to why you would ask for permission from the school administration. (2 mks)
            • For administration to be informed ofsome students being ou of school for official purpose.
            • To help in preparation of the budget needed.
            • To help in preparation of the transport means.
         2. What reasons would you give for the widespread at sedimentary rocks at the Coastal plain. (3 mks)
            • The coastal plains were once part of the extensive continental shelf at the Indian ocean and so sedimentation took place.
            • Shallow continental shelf provided conducive environment for coral polyps to form sedimentary rocks.
            • many rivers deposit their load to at the mouth in the ocean accumulating to form sedimentary rocks.
8.  
   1.  
      1. Differentiate between orogeny and orogenesis. (2 mks)
         • Orogeny is the period of fold mountains formation while orogenesis is the process of fold mountains formation.
      2. State three factors that influence folding. (3 mks)
         • The rocks must besedimentary rocks/in layers
         • The rocks must be young inorder to find
         • The forces must be compressional
         • The forces must be intense.
   2.  
      1. Apart from Recumbent fold name three types of folds. (3 mks)
         1. Simple symmetrical fold
         2. Assymmetrical fold
         3. Overfolds
         4. Isoclinal folds
         5. Overthrust fold
         6. Anticlinorium folds
         7. Synoclinorium folds
      2. With the aid of a well labeled diagrams describe how a recumbent fold is formed.  (6 mks)
         
         Explanation 4
         Diagrams 2
   3. Name three features formed by folding. (3 mks)
      • Rolling plians
      • Ridge and valley landscape
      • Inter-montane plateaus
      • Inter montane basins
      • Fold mountains
      • Synclinal valleys/depressions
   4. Explain four positive effects of folding to human activities. (8 mks)
      • Fold mountains provide a scenery that attracts tourists and snow covered slopes that encourage sporting activities like skiing, which brings income.
      • Windward slopes of fold mountains receive heavy rainfall which encourages settlements and agriculture.
      • High rainfall on the windward slopes support growth of forests which provide building and construction materials, hetbal medivcines and also serve as wildlife habitats.
      • The process of some fold mountains formation exposed valuable mineral deposits which are mined to serve as industrial raw materials.
      • Heavy precipitation as well as melting of ice on fold mountains make them catchment areas that serve as sources of rivers that provide water for generation of hydroelectricity, domestic use, irrigation and industrial use.
9.  
   1.  
      1. State three sources of ocean salts. (3 mks)
         • Salts dissolved in rivers flowing into oceans.
         • Salty beds rocks dissolved buy ocean water.
         • Melt water with dissolved salts.
         • Vulcanicity on the sea bed with the salts in magma being dissolved by water.
         • Run-off water carrying dissolved salts into the sea.
      2. Name two types of tides. (2 mks)
         • Pengean tides
         • Apogean tides
         • Spring tides
         • Neap tides
   2. With the aid of a well labeled diagrams describe how a stack is formed. (8 mks)
      • Waves attack both sides of a headland at right angle.
      • The waves erode through abrasion and hydraulic actions forming cares on both sides of the headland.
      • Continued wave erosion and weathering leads to the merging of the cares.
      • The merging of the cores leads to formation of an arch.
      • The roof of the arch collapses leading to isolation of part of the headland on the seaward side.
        
      • The isolated headland is the stack.
        
   3.  
      1. Name two types of submerged highland coasts. (2 mks)
         • Rias/creeks
         • Fiords/fjords
         • Longitudinal/ dalmation coasts
      2. State two factors influencing deposition by ocean waves. (2 mks)
         • The existence of gentle sloping store.
         • Presence of shallow water along the coast line,
         • The occurrence of a strong swash and weak backwash
         • The existence of indented coastline.
         • Ample long shore drift materials to be deposited.
   4. Explain four significance of oceans to human activities. (8 mks)
      • Oceans provide building materials.
      • Oceans provide water for cooling industrial plants.
      • Oceans modify the climate of the adjacent lands thus enhancing agricultural activities.
      • Oceans are used by water vessels thereby enhancing transport and communication.
      • Oceans provide sites for recreational activities thus promoting tourism.
      • Oceans are habitats for aquatic life encouraging fishing.
      • Oceans habour minerals which are extracted for economic development.
      • Ocean waves/tides are harnessed which generate electric power for industrial and domestic use.
10.  
    1.  
       1. Differentiate between soil profile and soil catena. (2 mks)
          • Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of soil in layers from the top to the bedrock while soil catena is the arrangement of soil in layers along a slope.
       2. Draw a well labeled diagram of a mature soil profile. (5 mks)
          
    2.  
       1. Other than topography name three factors that influence formation of soil.  (3 mks)
          • Climate
          • Parent rock
          • Living organisms
          • Time
          • Vegetation cover
       2. Explain how topography influence formation of soil. (3 mks)
          • Valley bottoms/ gentle slopes encourages the formation of deep and fertile soil due to deposition/accumulation of materials.
          • Steep slopes encourages erosion of the layer of soil thus slowing down formation of soils/thin soils
          • Flat/flood plains are saturated with water therefore forming poor soils.
          • Slope influences arrangement of soil catena.
       3. List three characteristics of desert soils. (3 mks)
          • Have little hums /organic matter contant
          • They are thin/ shallow
          • They are sandy and saline
          • They are loose ground
          • They are yellow brown
          • They are rich in calcium carbonate.
    3.  
       1. Give three types of soil erosion. (3 mks)
          • Splash erosion
          • Sheet erosion
          • Gulley erosion
          • Rill erosion
       2. Explain three effects of soil erosion on human activities. (6 mks)
          • The productive top soil is lost and only unproductive stony soil is left lowering the agricultural productivity of land.
          • Leaves behind thin soils which cannot hold plants firm in the ground hence the plants are easily uprooted and blown away by the wind.
          • When gullies are deepened to or below the water table, underground water is exposed leading to some of it flowing away or evaporating causing the water table to be lowered.
          • Loss of soil through wind and water erosion leads to destruction of vegetation cover which eventually turn the affected area into a semi-arid areas.
          • Soil erosion cause sedimentation in water reservoirs constructed along rivers hence lowering water levels hence shortage of electricity and expensive to dredge.
          • Soil erosion causes water pollution which may lead to death of aquatic animals/destroy mangrove vegetation.
          • Where soil is deposited after erosion it forms rich agricultural lands.
          • Sand eroded and when deposited on river valley is harvested for construction.