Kenya Certificate Of Secondary Education(KCSE 2013) Geography Paper 2 with Marking Scheme

SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section.

1.    
   1. Name the method of irrigation used in the Perkerra irrigation scheme. (1 mark)
   2. State three factors that influenced the location of the Perkerra irrigation scheme. (3 marks)
2. State four effects of human encroachment into wildlife habitats. (4 marks)
3.    
   1. Name two countries to which Kenya exports petroleum products. (2 marks)
   2. State four factors that influence external trade in Kenya. (4 marks)
4.    
   1. State two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns. (2 marks)
   2. Identify two differences in the functions of Nairobi and New York. (4 marks)
5. Identify five ways that are used to control floods in Kenya. (5 marks)

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

6. The table below shows the approximate population size of four districts in Nairobi in the year 2009.
   Use it to answer question (a)
   POPULATION OF FOUR DISTRICTS IN NAIROBI
   

   District	Population size
   Nairobi West Nairobi East Nairobi North Westlands	685,000 1,144,000 1,062,000 247,000
   Total	3,138,000

   1.    
      1. Apart from pie charts, name two other statistical methods that can be used to represent the data in the table. (2 marks)
      2. Using a radius of 5 cm, draw a pie chart to represent the data in the table above. Show your calculations. (9 marks)
      3. Calculate the population growth rate of Nairobi over the 10 year period of the populations was approximately 2,143,000 in 1999. (2 marks)
   2. Explain two factors that may have led to the large population increase in Nairobi between 1999 and 2009. (4 marks)
   3. Explain four positive effects of low population growth in a country. (8 marks)
7. The map below shows the location of some minerals in East Africa.
   
   
   1. Name the minerals mined in the areas marked J, K and L. (3 marks)
   2. Explain how the following factors influence the exploitation of minerals:
      1. mode of occurrence of minerals; (4 marks)
      2. transport; (4 marks)
      3. level of technology. (4 marks)
   3. Describe the opencast method of mining. (4 marks)
   4. Explain three benefits of petroleum mining to the economies of Middle East Countries. (6 marks)
8.    
   1.    
      1. What is agriculture? (2 marks)
      2. Identify four characteristics of Plantation farming in Kenya. (4 marks)
   2. Give four physical factors that influence the growing of tea in Kenya. (4 marks)
   3. Explain four problems facing small scale tea farming in Kenya. (8 marks)
   4. You plan to carry out a field study in a tea farm. (1)
      
      1. Give four reasons why you need a route map for the study. (4 marks)
      2. What information are you likely to gather about marketing of processed tea during the study? (3 marks)
9.    
   1. Identify three sources of renewable energy. (3 marks)
   2.    
      1. Name three main Hydro Electric Power Stations along the River Tana. (3 marks)
      2. Apart from providing electric power, state four other benefits of the dams along the River Tana. (4 marks)
      3. Identify two problems that affect the production of power from the stations along River Tana. (2 marks)
   3. Explain four measures the Government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy. (8 marks)
   4. Some students carried out a field study on sources of energy by sampling the households around their school.
      1. Identify two sampling techniques the students may have used during the study. (2 marks)
      2. Give three advantages of sampling the households for the study. (3 marks)
10.    
    1. Differentiate manufacturing industries from tertiary industries. (2 marks)
    2. Explain why the Government of Kenya encourages the setting up of industries in rural areas. (8 marks)
    3. Explain four factors that have contributed to the development of electronics industry in Japan. (8 marks)
    4. You intend to carry out a field study in a nearby post office.
       1. Identify two characteristics of a good hypothesis for the study. (2 marks)
       2. State three advantages of using the interview method to collect data during the study. (3 marks)
       3. Give two challenges facing postal services that you are likely to find out during the study. (2 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1.    
   1. Name the method of irrigation used in Perkerra irrigation scheme.
      Furrow / canal irrigation. (1 mark)
   2. State three factors that influenced the location of the Perkerra irrigation scheme.
      1. Availability of extensive land for irrigation.
      2. Availability of water from River Perkerra.
      3. The gently sloping land that allows mechanization/easy flow of water for irrigation by gravity.
      4. Presence of fertile loamy/alluvial soils good for the growth of a variety of crops.
      5. Dry conditions/semi arid/unreliable/low rainfall making it necessary to irrigate the area.
      6. The area was sparsely populated.
         (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
2. State four effects of human encroachment into wildlife habitats.
   1. Leads to killing / dying of some animals.
   2. Some animals / plants may become extinct.
   3. Leads to wildlife predation / competition may set in.
   4. Leads to fragmentation/reduction of the habitat.
   5. Leads to increased human / wildlife conflicts.
   6. Leads to migration of some animals.(Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
3.      
   1. Name two countries to which Kenya exports petroleum products.
      1. Uganda
      2. Rwanda
      3. Burundi
      4. Democratic Republic of Congo
      5. Southern Sudan
      6. Tanzania
      7. Comoros (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
   2. State four factors that influence external trade in Kenya.
      1. Demand for goods/services.
      2. Similarities / differences in the goods produced.
      3. The purchasing power of the people/availability of capital.
      4. Availability of transport / communication networks.
      5. Political stability/relationships of trading partners.
      6. International trade agreements / restrictions.
      7. The level of technology.
      8. Varying exchange rates.
      9. Availability of aids to trade
         (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
4.    
   1. State two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns.
      1. Availability of social amenities.
      2. Presence of a natural resource / industrial plants.
      3. Limitation of land for building.
      4. Assurance of security / defence.
      5. Government policy on settlement. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
   2. Identify two differences in the functions of Nairobi and New York.
      Nairobi 
      • It is an inland / dry port. 
      • It is a national capital.
      • It is a regional commercial centre. 
        
        New York
      • It is a seaport.
      • It is a state capital.
      • It is an international commercial centre.
        (Any 2 x 2 = 4 marks)
5. Identify five measures used to control floods in Kenya.
   1. Constructing channels/ditches/furrows to drain off the water.
   2. Constructing dykes / levees along river banks.
   3. Dredging / widening of river channels.
   4. Building of dams across rivers/earth dams.
   5. Training / re-directing / straightening of rivers.
   6. Planting trees in the catchment areas. (Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)

SECTION B
Answer question SIX and any other TWO questions from this Section.

6. The table below shows the approximate population size of four districts in Nairobi in the year 2009. Use it to answer question (a).
   POPULATION OF FOUR DISTRICTS IN NAIROBI
   

   DISTRICT	POPULATION SIZE
   Nairobi West Nairobi East Nairobi North Westlands Total	685000 1144000 1062000 247000 3138000

   1.      
      1. Apart from pie-chart, name two other statistical methods that can be used to represent the data in the table.
         • Divided rectangles
         • Simple bar graphs
         • Compound bar graphs/cummulative/divided bar graphs
         • Proportional circles
           (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
      2. Using a radius of 5 cm, draw a pie chart to represent the data above.
         Show your calculations.
         A PIE CHART REPRESENTING POPULATION SIZE OF FOUR DISTRICTS IN NAIROBI IN 2009
         
         Nairobi West 685000 x 360 = 78.6c/79
                               3138000
         Nairobi 1144000 x 360c = 131.2c/131
                         3138000
         Nairobi North  1062000 x 360c = 121.8c/122
                                  3138000
         Westlands 247000 x 360c = 28.8c/28
                              1138000
         Title = 1 mark
         Calculations = 4 marks
         Each correctly drawn segment 1x4=4 marks (9 marks)
      3. Calculate the populations growth rate of Nairobi over 10 year period if the population was approximately 2,143,000 in 1999.
         population in: 2009 3,138,000
                              1999 2,143,000
         difference =              995,000
         Growth rate over 10 year period
         2143000(2 marks)
   2. Explain two factors which may have led to the large population increase in Nairobi between 1999 and 2009.
      1. High migration into Nairobi in search of employment / due to political instability in some neighbouring countries / internal strife in parts of the country.
      2. Low mortality rate due to improved medical care.
      3. High birth rate due to the improved nutrition.
         (Any 2 x 2 = 4 marks)
   3. Explain four positive effects of low population growth in a country.
      1. High purchasing power/high standard of living/reduced dependancy ratio as majority of the population is employed.
      2. Low dependancy ratio allows for investment/savings/high standard of living/ investments.
      3. Reduced pressure on land making it available for economic activities.
      4. Low crime rate as most people are engaged in gainful activities.
      5. Provision of adequate social amenities as the government has few people to provide for.
      6. The government saves funds for investment in economic activities.
         (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
7. The map below shows the location of some minerals in East Africa.
   
   
   1. Name the minerals mined in the areas marked J, K, and L.
      • J - Limestone (1 mark)
      • K - Soda ash / Trona (1 mark)
      • L - Diamond (1 mark)
   2. Explain how the following factors influence the exploitation of minerals.
      1. Mode of occurrence of minerals
      2. Transport
      3. Level of technology
         1. Mode of occurrence of minerals
            • Minerals that occur in small quantities/ lodes/veins may limit exploitation since they are of low commercial value unless the mineral is of high value they will be exploited / large deposits are extracted as they are likely to be profitable / can sustain the mining process over a long time.
            • Minerals at or near the surface/alluvial deposits are easier/cheaper to extract / the deep seated minerals are expensive to extract.
            • Minerals close to the surface/beds/layers/seams are extracted using open cast method of mining/minerals that occur deep in the ground/veins/lodes are extracted using underground / shaft method. (Any 2 x 2 = 4 marks)
         2. Transport
            • Efficient transport links allow mineral products to be moved from the mining site to the ports / markets without delay.
            • Minerals that are bulky require railway/water/ cheap transport system to reduce the total cost of production.
            • Mineral deposits in remote areas/poorly developed transport system are less likely to be exploited. (Any 2 x 2 = 4 marks)
         3. Level of technology
            • Advanced technology has improved mining operations thus leading to high quality / large quantity mineral products.
            • High level technology allows for effective exploration of minerals leading to accurate location of minerals.
            • Advanced technology boost effectiveness in production hence reducing wastage.
            • High level technology in mining operations reduces the destruction of the environment /improves the health and safety of workers.
            • Low level technology limits exploitation/low quantity mined. (Any 2 x 2 = 4 marks)
   3. Describe opencast method of mining.
      1. The unwanted materials / overburden laying on top of the mineral are removed.
      2. The soft mineral ore is removed by digging / quarrying / stripping.
      3. Any hard rock / mineral ore is broken up by blasting.
      4. Huge power shovels are used to dig up mineral deposits.
      5. The mineral ore is loaded onto trucks / railway wagon to the processing plant. (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
   4. Explain three benefits of petroleum mining to the economies of Middle East countries.
      1. The countries earn foreign exchange which is used to develop other sectors of the economy.
      2. Petroleum is used as a raw material leading to the growth of petroleum related industries.
      3. The revenue / royalties have enabled the Middle East countries’ investments overseas to increase immensely.
      4. Petroleum mining has led to creation of employment opportunities for local population, raising standard of living.
      5. The proceeds from petroleum mining have been used to develop social amenities / infrastructure.
      6. Income from petroleum mining has lead to development/growth/expansion of towns. (Any 3 x 2 = 6 marks)
8.    
   1.    
      1. What is agriculture?
         It is the practice of cultivating crops and rearing of livestock.
      2. Identify four characteristics of plantation farming in Kenya. (2 marks)
         • The holdings / farms are large/40 hectares and above.
         • Ownership is by individuals / groups.
         • Farming is scientifically managed.
         • It requires heavy capital outlay.
         • There is high yield per unit area.
         • There is growing of a single crop/monoculture.
         • Farms are highly mechanised.
         • The produce is for commercial purpose.
         • Some farms are labour intensive. (Any 4 x 1 4 marks)
   2. Give four physical factors that influence the growing of tea in Kenya.
      1. Undulating / gently sloping land / 1,500 to 2,400 metres above sea level/high attitude.
      2. Deep well drained soils/volcanic soils.
      3. Slightly acidic soils / pH of between 4 to 6.
      4. High annual rainfall / 1000 to 2000 mm of rainfall.
      5. Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
      6. Moderte to high temperatures / average temperatures of 21℃/15-300C/warm to hot climate. (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
   3. Explain four problems facing small scale tea farming in Kenya.
      1. Delayed payments to farmers mismanagement lowers their morale.
      2. Pests eg. thrips/spidermite/crecise mite/weaving/beatles destroy tea plants there by reducing quality / yields.
      3. Poor road networks in some tea growing areas leads to delay in collection of the harvested tea resulting into wastage / losses to farmers.
      4. High cost of farm inputs makes them unaffordable to the farmers leading to low yields / low profit margins.
      5. Climatic hazards / hailstone/drought/frost weather conditions lead to destruction of the crop thus lowering quality / quantity of leaf production.
      6. Fluctuations of tea prices in the world market leads to uncertainty in earnings making it difficult for farmers to plan ahead.
      7. Shortage of labour during tea picking season makes the hiring of labour expensive/lowering farmer income.
      8. Diseases eg. Amillaria/root rot kills the tea bushes/lower yields.
      9. Low payment to farmers lowers their morale.
      10. Poor marketing strategy leads to low earnings. (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
   4. You plan to carry out a field study in a tea farm.
      1. Give four reasons why you need a route map for the study.
         • To show the direction to be followed during the field study.
         • To assist in estimating the time required for the study.
         • To help in deciding the technique of data collection.
         • To help in estimation of distances to be covered during the study.
         • To help in drawing up a work schedule. (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
      2. What information are you likely to gather about marketing of processed tea during the study? Tea is marketed:
         • Through factory door sales.
         • Directly to local / overseas buyers.
         • To Kenya Tea Packers Limited (KETEPA)/other packers.
         • Through Mombasa Tea auction. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
9.    
   1. Identify three sources of renewable energy.
      1. Wind
      2. Sun
      3. Water
      4. Tides / waves
      5. Geothermal steam
      6. Biomass
      7. Wood/trees
      8. Drought animals (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
   2.    
      1. Name three main hydroelectric power stations along the river Tana.
         • Masinga
         • Kamburu
         • Gitaru
         • Kindaruma
         • Kiambere (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
      2. Apart from providing electric power, state four other benefits of the dams along the River Tana.
         • The reservoirs provide water for domestic use /industial use/irrigation.
         • The dams / reservoirs are tourist attractions.
         • The reservoirs are fresh water fisheries.
         • The reservoirs modify local climate.
         • The dams act as bridges across the river.
         • The dams and reservoirs control floods downsteam. (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
      3. Identify two problems that affect the production of power along River Tana.
         • Fluctuations of water levels in the reservoirss.
         • Inadequate capital for maintenance / high cost of dredging/expansion.
         • Silting of the reservoirs. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
   3. Explain four measures the Government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy.
      1. Encouraging people to use renewable sources in order to reduce the overreliance of fossil fuels.
      2. Developing energy saving technologies in order to reduce the high consumption of energy.
      3. Enforcing the legislation against indiscriminate cutting down of trees for fuel thus conserving existing resources.
      4. Educating the public on the careful use of energy in order to save it.
      5. Progress taxation on energy consumption in order to discourage the misuse of energy.
      6. Proper planning of road networks in urban areas to reduce traffic jam hence saving on fuel consumption.
      7. Encouraging the use of public transport/walking/cycling/railway in order to reduce the number of vehicles on the roads thus reducing energy consumption.
      8. Discouraging importation of high fuel consumption vehicles to reduce amount of fuel used.
      9. Encouraging afforestation/reafforestation for continuous supply of wood fuel. (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
   4. Some students carried out a field study on sources of energy by sampling the households around their school.
      1. Identify two sampling techniques the students may have used during the study.
         • Stratified
         • Random
         • Systematic (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
      2. Give three advantages of sampling the households for the study.
         • To save on time.
         • To reduce bias.
         • To allow for detailed study.
         • To reduce cost. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
10.    
    1. Differentiate manufacturing industries from tertiary industries.
       Manufacturing industries change raw materials into semi-processed / finished products while tertiary industries provide services to consumers. (2 marks)
    2. Explain why the Government of Kenya encourages the setting up of industries in rural areas.
       1. It creates employment opportunities in rural areas thus reducing migration into urban areas/raising standards of living.
       2. It leads to utilization of locally available raw materials that would otherwise be left idle.
       3. It leads to improvement of transport / communication networks thus opening up rural areas for development.
       4. It leads to improvement of social amenities thereby raising the standards of living of rural communities.
       5. It enables the rural population to sell products / raw materials to industries thus earning income.
       6. It leads to diversification of the economy thus reducing the over reliance of rural community on agriculture. (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
    3. Explain four factors that have contributed to the development of electronics industry in Japan.
       1. Advanced technology / highly skilled labour has increased efficiency leading to mass production of high quality goods.
       2. Highly developed sources of energy provide the power required in the industries.
       3. A large population/high purchasing power provides a large local market.
       4. Availability of capital has enabled entrepreneurs to set up / expand the industries.
       5. The ruggedness of the land does not favour agriculture hence more concentration has been on industrialization.
       6. Well developed transport network has enabled the movement of raw materials to the industries / finished products to the market.
       7. Availability of large external market has led to more production.
       8. Advanced scientific research led to adverse/high quality products.
       9. Government emphasis on technical/science oriented education led to rapid development of idustries.
       10. The industrious nature/entrepreneurship of the Japanese has led to sustained/ high production.
       11. A large population/high purchaing power provides a large local market. (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
    4. You intend to carry out a field study in a nearby post office.
       1. Identify two characteristics of a good hypothesis for the study.
          • It should be simple but not obvious.
          • It should be related to the stated objective(s).
          • It should be testable/measurable.
          • It should be comparative / have independent and dependent variables.
          • It leaves room for yes or no answer. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
       2. State three advantages of using the interview method to collect data during the study.
          • It is possible to seek clarification for unclear responses / provide room for detailed information.
          • It provides first hand information.
          • It provides instant information.
          • It enables one to gauge the accuracy of the responses.
          • It allows for flexibility in seeking of information.
          • It allows for extraction of information from people who cannot read/write. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
       3. Give two challenges facing postal services that you are likely to find out during the field study.
          • Competition from more efficient service providers.
          • Vandalism of communication equipment.
          • Inadequate funds to maintain the services.
          • Mismanagement of the organization.
          • Obsolete technology / equipment. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)