GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 Marking Scheme - 2017 KITUI MOCK EXAMINATION

1.  
   1. Two underground mining methods
      • Drift / adit mining
      • Slope mining
      • Shaft mining
      • Solution mining
      • Drilling mining (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
   2. Negative effects of mining on the environment
      • Leads to land dereliction
      • Leads to loss of biodiversit
      • Leads to pollution of environment
      • Lead to soil degradation
      • Encourages mass wasting
      • Pits left after mining are filled with water that form breeding ground for mosquitoes
      • Leads to disruption of water table  (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
2.  
   1. List down three human factors that favour wildlife conservation
      • Establishment of game reserve / national parks / game sanctuaries
      • Translocation of animals where they are in excess
      • Ban on game huntin
      • Creation of ant-poaching units
      • Protection of endangered species e.g. rhinos
      • Non-governmental initiatives like WWF
      • Establishment of KWS (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
   2. State two advantages of domestic tourism
      • Promote national unity as Kenyans of diverse origins meet in parks
      • It is a source of government revenue / additional of revenue
      • Utilization of tourist’s facilities during off-peak seasons
      • Kenyans are able to learn more about natural gifts of nature
      • Creates to the citizens a sense of responsibility to conservation (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

3.  
   1. What is floods?
      • Floods are unusual covering of an area by water through a temporary rise of the level of a river lake or sea                         (Any 1 x 2 = 2 marks)
   2. Three rivers that cause large scale flood in Kenya
      • River Tana
      • River Yala
      • River Ewaso Nyiro
      • River Nyando
      • River Kuja (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

4.  
   1. Define the following terms
      1. Fertility rate
         • It is the total number of children / births that a woman would have between the ages of 15 – 49 years (1 x 1 = 1 mark)
      2. Mortality rate
         • This is the average number of deaths per 1000 in a given population                        (1 x 1 = 1 mark)
   2. Types of information that may be derived from an age sex pyramid
      • Sex ratio
      • Dependency ratio
      • Age
      • Life expectancy (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

5.  
   1. Towns marked
      • P – Tanga
      • Q – Arusha
      • R – Dodoma (3 x 1 = 3 marks)
   2. Two major functions of the town marked S
      • Mainly an agricultural collection centre
      • Industrial centre with too many light industries
      • Administrative centre (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

      SECTION B

  Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section    

6.  
   1.  
      1.  
         
      2. State three advantages of divided rectangles
         • It is easy to draw or construct
         • It is easy to compare the component
         • It gives a clear visual impression
         • Each component proportional to the total can easily be such at a glance (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
   2. State four physical conditions that favour coffee growing in Kenya highlands
      • Cool temperature ranging between 14^oC – 26^oC
      • High rainfall well distributed throughout the year between 1000 – 2030 mm p.a
      • Gently sloping landscapes
      • Deep, well drained volcanic soils
      • High altitude of about 1000 – 2300 a.s.l
      • Well sheltered against strong sunlight  (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
   3. Processing of coffee form harvesting to marketing
      • Ripe berries are picked by hands
      • Berries are transported to the factories
      • Berries are sorted out and weighed
      • Berries are squeezed to remove the outer cover and graded
      • They are put in troughs to ferment and are washed
      • They are put on trays for drying in the sun and turned frequently and unwanted particles are removed / sorted out
      • The dry beans are weighed
      • Dry beans are put in bags and transported to the coffees mills
      • Dry beans are put in machines where the inner husks are removed / peeled off
      • Dry beans are winnowed and graded
      • The dry beans are then forwarded to coffee board for marketing NB: Sequence must be followed (6 x 1 = 6 marks)
   4. List three ways in which planted coffee is taken care by farmers
      • Watering of young plants
      • Mulching to reduce water loss
      • Constant weeding
      • Manure to maintain soil fertility
      • Spraying with herbicides
      • Pruning to regulate quality (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

7.  
   1.  
      1. Identify the irrigation schemes marked X, Y and Z and in each case the main crop grown 
         • X – Bunyala – Rice
         • Y – Perkerra – Onions
         • Z – Mwea  Tebere – Rice Irrigation schemes 3 x 1 = 3 marks Crops 3 x 1 = 3 marks
      2. Explain four factors that have led to the location of irrigation scheme Y
         • To control the seasonal floods of rivers perkerra this was used to devastate the area
         • The fertile loamy soils, most of which are deposited by floods, reduces use of fertilizers
         • Presence of flat and gentle sloping terrain which enable easy flow of water by gravity, which made it  cheap to start the project because expensive pumping was not required
         • The dry / high temperature of the area necessitated use of irrigation as the only way to make food production possible / multiple cropping
         • The area was sparsely populated hence reduced expenses of resettlement of people (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
      3. State four problems experienced in the irrigation project marked Z
         • Siltation of the canals which interfere with the flow of water
         • Quelea Quelea birds destroys the crop
         • Presence of water borne diseases
         • Shortage of water during dry seasons
         • Inadequate labour during planting
         • Clogging of the canals by water weeds (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
   2. What is a polder?
      • It is a reclaimed piece of land form the sea in the Netherlands                                  (1 x 2 = 2 marks)
   3. Give five benefits of the Zuyder Zee project
      • Lake Yssel provide fresh water for irrigation / domestic / industrial purposes
      • Risk of flooding was reduced through the use of dykes
      • Reclaimed land has increased arable land for crop cultivation
      • The construction of roads connecting north Holland and Friesland province has shortened distance
      • Degrees of soil salinity has reduced / lowered form Lake Yssel
      • Reclaimed areas are used for settlement, recreation and construction of industries (Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
8.  
   1.  
      1. The two types of fishing grounds in Kenya
         • Marine / salty water fishing grounds
         • Inland / fresh water fishing grounds (2 x 1 = 2 marks)
      2. Give two types of fishing methods
         • Pelagic fishing
         • Demersal fishing
         • Inshore fishing
         • Freshwater fishing (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
      3.  Four reasons why marine fishing industry is not well developed in east Africa
         • The warm tropical waters do not favour large scale breeding of fish species
         • The narrow continental shelf limits widespread growth of planktons for fish
         • There is a limited market at the coast due to low purchasing power
         • Inadequacy of capital and poor technology hamper the development of the industry
         • There is steep competition from industrialized nations which have better equipment
         •  Rough sea wave limiting deep sea fishing (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
   2. Explain four ways in which marine fisheries are being conserved in Kenya
      • To increase fish number or restock overfished areas there is breeding of fingerlings in fish farms and then release them into the sea
      • Restricting disposal of untreated waste the sea to ensure the water remains clean for survival of fish 
      • Standardizing the size of fish nets used in fishing to ensure that only the mature fish are caught
      • Enforcing the international conventions in order to protect the endangered fish species
      •  Licensing fishermen to control their number and ensure that there is no overfishing
      • Restricting fishing to specific season to allow for breeding and maturing of fishing / ensuring natural regeneration of fish (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
   3.  
      1. Methods of fishing used in the shaded area
         • Purse seining
         • Drifting
         • Trawling
         • Lining / hook and line
         • Trap method (Any 1 x 1 =1 mark)
      2. Name ocean currents marked Q and R
         • Q – Warm Gulf Stream
         • R – Cold Labrador (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
   4. Explain why major fishing grounds of the world are located in the temperate latitudes of the            northern hemisphere
      • The areas have cool waters that have abundant supply of Plankton which is the main food for fish
      • The areas have extensive / wide continental shelves which allow light to penetrate to the sea bed hence encouraging the growth of micro-organisms used as food for fish
      • The cool waters experienced in most of the coastal areas in these latitudes encourage thriving of numerous fish species
      • The areas experience convergence of cold and warm currents that results in upwelling of ocean waters which bring planktons form the sea bed to the surface
      • The cool to cold climate in these latitude help in the preservation of fish
      • Most of the coastal areas have numerous sheltered bays which provide secure breeding grounds for fish
      • The sheltered bays found in some coastal areas provide suitable sites a for building fishing ports / fishing-landing sites
      • The land-derived minerals nourish the planktons which are food for fish
      • The large population in these areas provide a ready market for fish hence promoting the fishing industry (Any 3 x 2 = 6 marks)
9.  
   1. Distinguish between manufacturing and tertiary industries
      • Manufacturing industries change raw materials into semi-finished / processed products while tertiary industries provide services   (1 x 2 = 2 marks)
   2.  
      1. Name four agricultural food processing industries in Kenya
         • Milk processing
         • Fruit processing
         • Coffee processing
         • Sugar processing
         • Cooking oil
         • Grain milling
         • Meat processing / canning   (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
      2.  Explain four factors that influenced the location of the iron and steel industries in the Ruhr       region of Germany
         •  Availability of iron ore / coal / limestone form the Rhine valley provided raw materials needed in the industrie
         • Availability of water form rivers Rhine / Ruhr / Lippe / Wupper / Emscher for cooling machines / industrial use
         • Navigable rivers e.g. Rhine / Ruhr canals e.g. Dortmund – Ems / Rhein – Herne provided cheap transport for bulky raw materials and finished products 
         • Coal from the Ruhr region / imported provided power required in the industry
         • Rich merchants / families e.g. Krupp family and Ruhr Kohle provided capital for the industry
         • Availability of local skilled labour formed foundation of iron and steel industry
         • Dense population of central Europe / Germany provided ready market for iron and steel (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
   3. Give five reasons why the government of Kenya encourages the development of Jua Kali industries
      • It creates employment for the growing labour force
      • It requires less capital to establish since it’s made up of small units
      • Produces relatively cheap products that are affordable to many people
      • They require simple machinery to start
      • Some of the products are exported thus earning foreign exchange
      • They save the country’s foreign exchange
      • Facilitates decentralization of industries hence reducing rural-urban migration
      • Uses locally available raw materials hence conserving the environment
      • It operates at grassroots level these use locally available skills   (Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
   4. Field study in a coffee factory near your school
      1. State three reasons why you would visit the area of study in advance
         • To be able to formulate appropriate objectives for the study
         • To help in identifying methods of data collection
         • To help estimate the cost of the study
         • To seek permission
         • To determine the appropriate routes
         • To help in preparing the working schedule
         • To identify problems likely to be encountered
         • To estimate the time required for study
         • To determine the suitability of the area of study
         • To determine appropriate tools for the study (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
      2. You have prepared a work schedule for the study, state three items you would include in your schedule
         •  The time for departure
         • Time to spend in the study
         • Time for lunch
         • Time for end of the study (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
10.  
    1. Draw an outline map of Kenya
       
       
    2. On the map indicate
       1. Kakamega forest
       2. Mt. Kenya forest
       3. Arabuka sokoko forest
    3.  
       1. Natural causes of forest depletion
          • Climatic hazard such as drought
          • Pests and diseases
          • Over population of wildlife leading to destruction (3 x 1 = 3 marks)
       2. Describe four problems facing forests in Kenya
          • Forest fires caused by hunters destroy large section s of forests
          • Pests and diseases destroy trees and lower their quality
          • Excessive logging which in most cases is illegal
          • Human encroachment resulting from high population growth
          • Adverse climatic conditions such as drought or floods destroy sections of the forests (Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks
    4.  
       1. State three factors favouring production of soft wood forests in Canada
          • High precipitation that favours tree growth
          • Rugged relief discourages any form of agriculture
          • Many waterfalls used to generate H.E.P for use in paper mills
          • Presence of many rivers providing transport for the logs and also providing water for use in pulp industry
          • Valley bottoms provide suitable sites for paper mills (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
       2. Explain three reasons why the Kenyan government should conserve her forests
          • Provide utility products e.g. timber which is used in construction
          • Forests are habitat for a wide range of animals and micro-organism hence helps in conserving and maintaining bio-diversity
          • Forests are rich reservoirs of research materials e.g. scientist carry research studies on medicinal plants which help cure certain diseases
          • Forests create micro-climate hence regulate climate of the surrounding areas
          • Forests support agriculture and H.E.P production by being water catchment areas and preventing soil erosion
          • Forests regulate carbon dioxide hence helps reduce global warming
          • Presence of forests and forest activities has led to development of infrastructure which opens up remote areas
          • Forestry as an industry provides more employment opportunities e.g. as forest guards and carpenters, this raises the standards of living
          • Flora and fauna of the forests have an aesthetic appeal hence attracts tourists who bring foreign exchange
          • Forests and its products have medicinal value which helps treat a variety of diseases (Any 2 x 2 = 6 marks)