Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Maranda High School Mock Exams 2023

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Instructions to candidates

This paper has two sections A and B
Answer all the questions in SECTION A.
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from SECTION B.
All answers must be written in English.

1. List two forms of telecommunication services in Kenya (2 marks)
2. State three reasons that have led to decline of daily newspaper sales in Kenya. (3 marks)
1. Define fertility ratio. (2 marks)
2. State three factors responsible for declining fertility rates in Kenya. (3 marks)
The diagram below fishing method.
1. Identify the method shown. (1 mark)
2. Describe how it is used to catch fish. (4 marks)
1. Distinguish between a forest and forestry. (2 marks)
2. Identify three activities that maybe undertaken by students in school to conserve trees. (3 marks)
1. Apart from providing power state three benefits of the dams along river Tana ( 3 marks)
2. State two problems that affect hydroelectric power production along river Tana (2 marks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

The table below shows the value of intra-COMESA total exports in selected countries in million dollars from 2016 to 2019. Study it and use it to answer question 6(a).

	VALUE OF EXPORTS in US Million $
COUNTRY	2016	2017	2018	2019
KENYA	1640	1602	1595	1530
UGANDA	1042	781	600	588
EGYPT	2025	2335	2861	3032
RWANDA	466	488	626	702

Using the above data, draw a divided rectangle of length 15 cm to represent the data. (8 marks)
Give four reasons why Kenya’s intra-COMESA Exports are were declining from the year 2016 to 2019. (4 marks)
State three problems facing internal trade in Kenya. (3 marks)
State four ways in which Kenya will benefit from the renewed East African community (4 marks)
Explain how trade restrictions have influenced external trade in Kenya (6 marks)

1. 1. Define urbanization. (2 marks)
  2. State three characteristics of rural settlements. (3 marks)
2. The diagram below represents the functional zones of an urban center. Use it to anser question b(i)
  1. Name the zones marked X and Y. (2 marks)
  2. List two functions of the Central Business District. (2 marks)
3. Explain three economic factors that have influenced location of urban centers in Kenya. (6 marks)
  1. Explain measures taken by the government to solve the problem of traffic congestion in Nairobi city. (4 marks)
  2. Compare the cities of Nairobi and new york under the following subheadings;
    1. Location (2 marks)
    2. Expansion (2 marks)
1. 1. Distinguish between land reclamation and land rehabilitation. (2 marks)
  2. Describe how the following have been used to rehabilitate land in Kenya.
    1. Filling of quarries (2 marks)
    2. Re-afforestation (2 marks)
2. Explain three physical conditions that favour irrigation farming in Kenya (6 marks)
3. Study the map of Mwea Tabere below and use it to answer question c(i)
  1. Name the sections marked B and C (2 marks)
  2. Identify River marked Z (1 mark)
  3. State three drainage problems that are experienced by farmers at Mwea Tabere irrigation scheme (3 marks)
4. 1. State three ways in which salinity in the polders was reduced in the Netherlands. (3 marks)
  2. Explain two economic benefits of Zuyder Zee projects in Netherlands. (4marks)
1. 1. Name two main varieties of tea grown in Kenya. (2marks)
  2. Explain three human factors that have made plantation farming of tea successful in Kenya. (6 marks)
2. Describe how the following tea processing procedures are carried out.
  1. Withering (2 marks)
  2. Souring (2 marks)
  3. Roasting (2 marks)
3. State four marketing problems facing small scale tea farmers in Kenya. (4 marks)
4. Maranda High School students carried out a field study on Brooke Bond tea plantation in Kericho.
  1. Give two reasons why the must have carried out a pre-visit. (2 marks)
  2. Formulate two possible hypotheses they may have used for the study. (2 marks)
  3. State three benefits of the plantation to the local community they may have found out. (3 marks)
1. Name two minerals that occur as beds and seams (2 marks)
2. Explain three human factors that influenced the mining of trona in Lake Magadi. (6 marks)
3. 1. Name two methods used in alluvial mining. (2 marks)
  2. Describe how oil is extracted from the deep depths of the earth. (4 marks)
4. Explain three problems facing mining in Kenya. (6 marks)
5. Maranda high school students carried out a field study on the processing of trona on Lake Magadi.
  1. Identify two methods they may have used in recording data. (2 marks)
  2. Name three processes they may have identified. (2 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

1. List two forms of telecommunication services in Kenya (2 marks)
  - Telex services
  - Paging services
  - Telegraphic services
  - Radio communication services,
  - WhatsApp
  - Landline / Mobile phones/Telephone services.
2. State three reasons that have led to decline of daily newspaper sales in Kenya. (3 marks)
  - Increased consumption of online news/television news/internet blogs use that is faster and cheaper
  - Covid 19 pandemic that affected most families economically and which restricted movement of people
  - High cost of living reduced family/institutional budgets on newspapers
  - Availability of Digital editions of newspapers/ e-papers some of them free or very low subscriptions
  - Reduced reading culture among the young population
  - Political reasons/boycotting of some dailies by newspapers readers due to political leanings
  - Low quality/substandard journalism that doesn’t attract/retain readers/decreasing journalistic expertise due to poor training
1. Define fertility rate. (2 marks)
  - Average number of live children that would be born to a woman over their lifetime
2. State three factors responsible for declining fertility rates in Kenya. (3 marks)
  - Adoption of family planning techniques/ lowering the number of children a woman gives birth to.
  - Late marriages more girls are attending school reducing child bearing age
  - Most women stay longer in schools to better their career thus do not want to give birth
  - The desire for high living standards thus small families that parents can be able to cater for.
  - Urbanization and the high cost of living leading people to opt for smaller families.
  - Modern career opportunities limit maternity leaves hence fewer children
  - There is an increase in the number of women opting to remain single and preferring a small family.
The diagram below fishing method.
1. Identify the method shown. (1 mark)
  - Trawling method
2. Describe how it is used to catch fish. (4 marks)
  - A bag shaped net is attached to a ship
  - The nets mouth is kept open by otter boards/head beams
  - The upper part of the net is kept afloat by corks while lower parts is kept under water by weights
  - The trawler drags the net along the seabed trapping all fish on its path into the net
  - Once the net is full, it is hauled into the ship and fish is emptied on board
1. Distinguish between a forest and forestry. (2 marks)
  - Forest is a continuous and extensive tree cover in a large area of land while forestry is the science of developing or managing forests including cultivating them
2. Identify three activities that maybe undertaken by students in school to conserve trees. (3 marks)
  - By planting of trees in the schools woodlot
  - Proper Utilization of stationary to reduce printing of papers
  - Proper utilization of tissue papers
  - By encouraging the school administration use of alternative sources of energy in cooking school meals other than the wood fuel to reduce cutting down trees.
1. Apart from providing power state three benefits of the dams along river Tana ( 3 marks)
  1. The dams have controlled floods in the lower parts of river Tana, thus reducing the incidents of loss of life and farm produce in the area.
  2. The dams are tourist attractions which generates foreign exchange for the country.
  3. The schemes have led to the development of industries thus creating employment opportunities to the people in the area
  4. Some of the reservoirs provide water for irrigation thus improving agricultural production
  5. The reservoirs are fishing grounds which supply fish to the local people.
  6. It has led to the improvement of roads making the areas more accessible.
  7. The dams/reservoirs provide useful sites for educational purposes/field studies 3×1
2. State two problems that affect hydroelectric power production along river Tana (2 marks)
  1. Changes in the river regime. There are unpredictable fluctuations in the volume of water in the rivers causing the stations to operate below capacity.
  2. Silting of reservoirs/dams. This reduces the capacities of the dams leading to low water volumes hence low energy output, requires dredging (expensive)
  3. Poor maintenance of machinery at the power houses. This is caused by inadequate funds to purchase essential spare parts.
  4. Inadequate skills and technology. Kenya still has inadequate skills against the level of technologies thus power generation is low. 2×1

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

The table below shows the value of intra-COMESA total exports in selected countries in million dollars from 2016 to 2019. Study it and use it to answer question 6(a).
1. Using the above data, draw a divided rectangle of length 15 cm to represent data. (8 marks)
2. State three problems facing internal trade in Kenya. (3 marks)
  - The high tariffs/multiple license fees charged by county and national governments reduce profits thus discourages trade.
  - Inadequate capital/ high interest charged on borrowed capital discourages expansion of trade due to the low returns.
  - Scarcity of goods eg. Agricultural good that are affected by drought hinders trade.
  - Production of similar goods from different regions limits tradePreference for imported goods by Kenyans which reduces market for locally produced goods.
  - Tribal crashes/ civil strife/insecurity reduce investments in some parts of the country
  - Potholed roads/impassible roads/traffic congestion make movement of goods slow, and expensive discouraging trade.
  - Illegal importation and smuggling of goods into the country gives the locally produced goods unfair competition due to the fact that they do not pay duty hence is cheap.
  - Low purchasing power among Kenyans making them offer a very small internal market./limits trade
3. State four measures that the government of Kenya has taken to reduce her unfavorable balance of trade. (4 marks)
  - Opening of new markets to avoid dependence on traditional trading partners like Britain, U.S.A, Germany etc.
  - Encouraging the development of Jua Kali industries which do not require importation of heavy machinery so that Kenya may also be able to export.
  - Restricting the importation of luxury goods through heavy taxation /increasing import duty to discourage importation of some commodities.
  - Diversifying the agricultural export base to enable the country to have a variety of export.
  - Creating the export processing zone to increase industrialization hence increasing export goods.
  - Establishing the import substitution industries to cut down on importation of some commodities.
  - Encouraging foreign investors by offering them tax holiday as well as customs drawback to exporters.
  - Encouraging the production of high quality manufactured goods for export in order to earn a higher income / high prices/ production of high quality agricultural goods.
  - Developing alternative sources of energy in order to reduce oil importation.
  - Encouraging local assembling of machinery since the importation of parts is cheaper.
4. State four ways in which Kenya will benefit from the renewed East African community (4 marks)
  - There will be exchange of research findings /training which will help in economic development
  - There will be improved transport links between Kenya Uganda Tanzania Rwanda Burundi and Southern Sudan which will facilitate faster/easy movement of goods and people.
  - There will be increased employment opportunities because of free movement of people within the region hence improving living standards.
  - Reduction of tariffs makes goods cheaper in the region and hence affordable creating a larger market for Kenya’s industrial sector.
  - There will be improved access to raw materials thus accelerating industrial development.
  - There will be mutual political understanding between Kenya and its neighbors promoting lasting peace resulting in rapid economic development
  - The expanded market will attract new investments from the local and foreign sources which will lead to the expansion of industries
5. Explain how trade restrictions have influenced external trade in Kenya (6 marks)
  - Imposition of tariffs by trading partners make our exports expensive thus reducing volume of exports/ reduction/removal of tariffs by trade partners makes our goods cheaper thus increased trade
  - Quotas imposed by trading partners limits exports/reduces volume of exports
  - Ban imposed by some countries on Kenyan goods limits their exports for instance a ban on beef products to middle east
  - More trade agreements signed by Kenya and many countries have increased volume of trade.
1. 1. Define urbanization. (2 marks)
    - Urbanization is the growth and spread of towns and town life
  2. State three characteristics of rural settlements. (3 marks)
    - They consist of homestead and villages.
    - They are mainly found in the country sides.
    - Agriculture is their main source of occupation.
    - Dormant activities are extractive /primary activities.
2. The diagram below represents the functional zones of an urban center. Use it to answer question b(i)
  1. Name the zones marked X and Y. (2 marks)
    - X - Industrial zone
    - Y - Residential Zone
  2. List two functions of the Central Business District. (2 marks)
    - Trading centre
    - Administration centre
    - Recreation Centre
    - commerce/banking/ insurance,
    - offices
    - location of light industries
3. Explain three economic factors that have sinfluenced location of urban centers in Kenya. (6 marks)
  - Agriculture-some towns like eldoret are located in agricultural productive area where they started as collection areas and gradually grew into big towns
  - Industrial activities- concentration of industries has led to the growth of certain urban centers e.g. Juja, Thika etc.
  - Trade- urban centers have come up where there are trading activities e.g. Karatina, Thika etc.
  - Tourism- some urban centers have grown as a result of tourism /tourist attraction sites e.g. Malindi ,Ukunda etc. led to establishment of many tourist hotels and related facilities hence urban growth
  - Transport lines-road junction and railways in east Africa have led to expansion of urban centers e.g. Kisumu, Nanyuki, Sagana, Makutano, Tabora.
    1. Explain measures taken by the government to solve the problem of traffic congestion in Nairobi city. (4 marks)
      - Construction of Express Way to allow motorists that can pay for speed to pass over the city faster
      - Construction of southern/northern/eastern bypasses to re-route some vehicles from the roads in the CBD thus reducing congestion
      - Gazettment and construction of Bus Rapid Transit(BRT) to ease mobility of many/bulk passengers thus reduce the number of matatus and personal cars in the city
      - Removal of roundabouts/construction of overpasses and underpasses for smooth flow of traffic
      - Creation of safe networks of walkways/green areas/non-motorized tracks to give residents safe and comfortable walking paths/cycling paths to reduce human traffic on the roads that slows vehicle movement
      - Gazzetment of car free days to reduce the number of cars in the city on those days
      - Installation of computerized traffic control systems to monitor flow of traffic and provide real-time vehicle guidance on need basis instead of traditional traffic lights
      - Expansion of lanes on existing roads to accommodate more cars
      - Increasing cost of parking fees to reduce number of personal cars
      - Employment of more traffic officers by traffic department of police and county government to enforce traffic rules
    2. Compare the cities of Nairobi and new york under the following subheadings;
      1. Location (2 marks)
        
        Nairobi is located on a swampy plain while New York is situated on an island along river Hudson.
      2. Expansion (2 marks)
        
        New York has more vertical expansion /very tall sky scrapers while Nairobi has more horizontal expansion towards the neighboring towns
1. 1. Distinguish between land reclamation and land rehabilitation. (2 marks)
    - Land reclamation is the process of converting wasteland into useful land for agriculture and other economic activities while Land rehabilitation is the restoration of land that as previously wasted by human activities back to productivity.
  2. Describe how the following have been used to rehabilitate land in Kenya.
    1. Filling of quarries (2 marks)
      - Rocks and fertile soil has been put into open pits e.g in bamburi nature trail to make the land uniform in order to plant crops/build settlement/ plant trees.
    2. Re-afforestation (2 marks)
      - It involves planting trees where they had been cut e.g mau forest to restore the land to its former
      - forested state thereby protecting it against the agents of erosion.
2. Explain three physical conditions that favour irrigation farming in Kenya (6 marks)
  - Gently sloping land which permits flow of water by gravity hence reducing costs of pumping water to the fields.
  - Availability of large tracks of land for expansion and which makes irrigation as a project viable.
  - Low rainfall which makes irrigation farming necessary.
  - Presence of clay soils /black cotton soils which retain water for longer use by crops.
3. Study the map of Mwea Tabere below and use it to answer question c(i)
  1. Name the sections marked B and C (2 marks)
    - B - Tebere
    - C - Thiba
  2. Identify River marked Z (1 mark)
    - River Nyamindi
  3. State three drainage problems that are experienced by farmers at Mwea Tabere irrigation scheme (3 marks)
    - Silting of canals leading to high cost of dredging.
    - Flooding especially by sheet erosion leading to loss of fertile top soil.
    - Low water levels in the rivers during the dry season.
    - Silting in the canals reduces the amount of water passing through the canals.
4. 1. State three ways in which salinity in the polders was reduced in the Netherlands. (3 marks)
    - Chemicals are applied to lower salts in the soils.
    - Fresh water is flashed to the soil to remove /dilute the excess salts.
    - Reeds are planted to use up the excess salts.
    - Continuous pumping of water from the polders.
  2. Explain two economic benefits of Zuyder Zee projects in Netherlands. (4marks)
    - Reclamation has increased the size of land which is used for agriculture / settlement.
    - Reclaimed land has improved agricultural output hence more food / more raw materials for industries.
    - Roads and canals have been constructed thus improving transportation.
    - It leads to the creation of fresh water lakes like e.g. Lake Yassel which provides water for domestic / industrial use/irrigation/lowering soil salinity.
    - Reclamation has led to creation of employment opportunities to many people improving their standard of living.
    - The reclamation of land led to the coastline being shortened by 320 kilometers.
    - Reclamation has created sceneries that have become tourist attractions thereby earning foreign exchange.
1. 1. Name two main varieties of tea grown in Kenya. ( 2 marks)
    - Assam
    - China
  2. Explain three human factors that have made plantation farming of tea successful in Kenya (6 marks)
    - Large pool of unskilled/semiskilled/skilled labour available from populated South Rift and Kisii regions that are cheaply used for field preparation, weeding, pruning and picking of tea leaves has made it continuously profitable
    - Well maintained feeder roads within the plantations allow efficient and quick delivery tea to the factory for processing and upgraded kericho Mombasa highway ensure chep and efficient deliverly to the ports for export
    - Availability of adequate capital from local and foreign investors for expansion/research and modernization of plantations and processing factories
    - Ready market of Kenyan tea locally and abroad because of strong brands have ensured sustained profitability
    - Long experience of tea farming by the Finley’s and other companies have perfected the procedures and processes of management leading to high profitability
2. Describe how the following tea processing procedures are carried out
  1. Withering (2 marks)
    - Tea leaves are spread on large troughs that are well aerated from all sides for 20- 24 hours while being turned now at intervals to allow the leaves lose moisture in a controlled way while maintaining their colour.
    - Hot and Cool air is alternately blown over them to control the loss of moisture and allow the loose moisture quickly.
  2. Souring ( 2 marks )
    - The crushed leaves are kept in rooms with high temperature and humidity for about 3 to 4 hours to change colour and enhance aroma
  3. Roasting ( 2 marks)
    - Leaves are passed through a machine called drier at a temperature of about 104.4◦C to reduce moisture content of the leaves and make them develop different aromas.
3. State four marketing problems facing small scale tea farmers in Kenya ( 4 marks)
  - Poor and dilapidated feeder roads in the tea growing area lead to delays in collection and delivery of green tea leaves causing wastage/losses
  - Delayed payments of delivered tea and mismanagement of tea funds from the cooperatives that lowers the farmers’ morale – farmers uproot tea
  - Fluctuations in the prices of tea at the world market making them to incur marginal profits
  - Competition from fast maturing horticultural crops that flood the market has made some tea farmers to uproot their crops to venture in horticulture
4. Maranda High School students carried out a field study on Brooke Bond tea plantation in Kericho.
  1. Give two reasons why it will be important to carry out a pre-visit. (2 marks)
    - To get permission to carry out field study from the relevant authority.
    - To be able to formulate objectives / hypothesis.
    - To familiarize with the area of study.
    - To be able to prepare a work schedule.
    - To assess the likely problem they are likely to encounter.
    - To determine the best methods of collecting information data.
    - To determine the tools /equipment necessary to carry out the field study.
  2. Formulate two possible hypotheses they may have used for the study
    - The tea plantations have no benefits to the local community
    - Tea produced by the plantation is mainly exported
      Note: Accept any relevant hypothesis
  3. State three benefits of the tea plantations to the local community they may have found out (3marks)
    - Creation of employment to the locals as tea pickers/drivers/managers… improving their living standard
    - Construction of social amenities eg schools and hospitals that improve their living standards
    - Roads leading to farms have been improved thus making movement of locals easier
    - Growth of towns around tea centers have improved living standards
    - Some companies provide scholarships/sponsorships to needy students
    - Increasedtrading activities leading to earning of income to locals
1. Name two minerals that occur as beds and seams (2 marks)
  - Potash salts
  - Common salts
  - Gypsum
2. Explain three human factors that influenced the mining of trona in Lake Magadi. (6 marks)
  - High value of the soda ash that makes it to have high demand thus making it profitable to mine
  - Availability of Mombasa- Nairobi railway line that made it cheaper and efficcientto transport soda ash to the port of Mombasa for export
  - Availability of enough/ adequate capital by magadi soda company which is a listed company in NSE made it easy to expand and maintain operations
  - Availability of modern technology/modern dredgers that makes it cheap and efficient to extract trona from the lake
  - Availability of ready market in india and other countries makes it very profitable to mine
  - Availability of cheap local semiskilled/unskilled and skilled labour has made it continuously profitable to mine
  - Strong Political ties and friendship between Kenya and India makes continues to encourage investment in the mining of soda ash
3. 1. Name two methods used in alluvial mining. (2 marks)
    - Placer mining method
    - Panning method
    - Hydraulic mining
  2. Describe how oil is extracted from the deep depths of the earth. (4 marks)
    - Geological surveys are carried out to identify areas with sufficient oil deposits.
    - The prospected sites are marked and derricks are installed
    - Oil wells of several thousands of kms deep is drilled into the rocks using steel or diamond drill bits
    - Once the reservoir is reached, Capping and cementing of the well is done
    - Oil pumps and pipes are installed/sometimes oil may flow out naturally due to pressure
    - Oil is then pumped out and transported by pipelines to storage tanks for further refinery
    - If oil deposits are low, water is pumped into the wells to make it to rise/if it is very viscous, steam is pumped into the well to heat it up
4. Explain three problems facing mining in Kenya. (6 marks)
  - Mining has been affected by land use conflict e.g. the mining of titanium in Kwale where locals are unwilling to give up land despite compensation.
  - Inadequate local capital to prospect and carry out mining of known mineral deposits leaving only foreign companies to do mining at their own pleasure.
  - Lack of power supply in mining potential areas due to remoteness increasing the cost of mining and prospecting the minerals thus little profits.
  - There is control by multinational companies; as a result export revenue is remitted to the mother countries, benefitting the country in a minimal way.
  - Remoteness/inaccessibility of known mineral sites hinder exploitation of those mineral
  - The occurrence of small mineral deposits rendering them uneconomical to mine them hence failure to exploit them.
  - Kenya lacks sufficient skilled personnel, i.e. mineralogists and petrologists hence lies heavily on expatriates who are expensive thus reducing revenue to kenyans.
5. Maranda high school students carried out a field study on the processing of trona on Lake Magadi.
  1. Identify two methods they may have used in recording data. (2 marks)
    - Note taking
    - Filling in questionnaires
    - Tallying
    - Drawing flow charts.
    - Field Sketching
    - Tabulation/statistical tables
    - Photographing
    - Tape recording.
  2. Name two processes they may have identified. (2 marks)
    - Dredging of trona by dredgers
    - Crushing of trona by crushers/grinding of soda into ash
    - Pumping of solutions/water
    - Drying/heating of crystals
    - Packing of soda ash