SECTION A (25MARKS)
Answer All questions from this section.
- What is political history as an area of study in History and Government? (1mark)
- Give two chemical dating methods used by Archaeologists to reconstruct History. (2marks)
- Give the main reason why early agriculture developed in Egypt. (1mark)
- Identify two scientific discoveries during the nineteenth century which contributed to food preservation. (2marks)
- State two ways in which Africans participated in the Trans-Atlantic Trade. (2marks)
- Give two results of the development of the steamship in Europe. (2marks)
- Give one reason why coal was used as the main source of industrial power in Britain during the Industrial Revolution. (1mark)
- Identify two social functions of the Ancient city of Athens in Greece. (2marks)
- State the main function of the Golden stool in the Asante Empire during the pre-colonial period. (1mark)
- Give one contribution of religion in the Maji Maji rebellion. (1mark)
- Why was Ethiopia not colonized by the Europeans in the nineteenth century? (1mark)
- Identify two ways in which Samori Toure acquired fire arms during the Mandinka Resistance. (2marks)
- Identify one political reform introduced by President de Klerk that led to the achievement of black majority rule in South Africa. (1mark)
- Give the main reason why the League of Nations was formed in 1919. (1mark)
- Name two agencies of the United Nations Organisation which deal with the problem of health. (2marks)
- Identify one military alliance formed during the cold war. (1mark)
- Give two non-British colonies who are members of the Commonwealth. (2marks)
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
Answer only three questions from this section
-
- Give three species of Australopithecus. (3marks)
- Explain six ways in which Homo erectus attempted to improve his way of life. (12marks)
-
- Identify three major Trans-Continental railways in the modern world. (3marks)
- Explain six ways through which the invention of the invention of the railway speeded up industrialization in Europe. (12marks)
-
- Give three methods used by European powers to establish colonial rule in Africa. (3marks)
- Explain six effects of the partition of Africa on the African communities. (12marks)
-
- State three methods used by the nationalists in Ghana to fight for their independence. (3marks)
- Explain six factors that led to the development of African Nationalism in Ghana. (12marks)
SECTION C (30MARKS)
Answer only two questions from this section.
-
- Identify five main organs of the United Nations Organization. (5marks)
- Discuss five ways through which the United Nations Organization promotes peace in the world. (10marks)
-
- Give five reasons why the First World War was referred to as the greatest war ever fought in the world by 1914. (5marks)
- Explain five effects of the cold war that emerged after the Second World War. (10marks)
-
- Give five factors for the growth of Pan-Africanism. (5marks)
- Discuss five reasons why the Pan-African Movement had not established itself in the African continent before 1945. (10marks)
MARKING SCHEME
- What is political history as an area of study in History and Government? (1mark)
This is the study of a people’s way of ruling, people’s leaders and the system of administration. /The study of the way people are ruled/governed and their administrative structure.
1x1=1mark
- Give two chemical dating methods used by Archaeologists to reconstruct History. (2marks)
- Radio-carbon dating (carbon 14 dating)
- Potassium-Argon
Any 2x1=2marks
- Give the main reason why early agriculture developed in Egypt. (1mark)
Availability of water for irrigation from River Nile
1x1=1mark
- Identify two scientific discoveries during the nineteenth century which contributed to food preservation. (2marks)
- Discovery of canning
- Invention of refrigeration
- Invention of pasteurization Any 2x1=2
- State two ways in which Africans participated in the Trans-Atlantic Trade. (2marks)
- They acted as middlemen between European merchants and interior communities.
- They acquired/raided slaves
- Rulers sold their own subjects/they were sold as slaves
- They marched slaves to the coast
- They transported trade items to the coast
Any 2 x 1 = 2
- Give two results of the development of the steamship in Europe. (2marks)
- It led to increased use of coal as a source of energy
- It facilitated expansion of international trade
- It led to increased use of water transport
- It led to improvement in water transport
Any 2 x 1 = 2
- Give one reason why coal was used as the main source of industrial power in Britain during the Industrial Revolution. (1mark)
- It was cheap
- It was available in large quantities
- It was more efficient than other sources of energy at the time Any 1 x 1 = 1
- Identify two social functions of the Ancient city of Athens in Greece. (2marks)
- It was a cultural centre/music/art/theatre
- It was an educational centre
- It was a sport centre
- It was a religious centre
- It was a recreation centre/ entertainment centre
Any 2 x 1 = 2
- State the main function of the Golden stool in the Asante Empire during the pre-colonial period. (1mark)
It was a symbol of unity/bound together all the Asante states
Any 1 x 1 = 1
- Give one contribution of religion in the Maji Maji rebellion. (1mark)
- It gave people courage and confidence to fight the Germans
- It gave spiritual strength to fight a superior force
- Through religion, suspicions among communities were wiped out/provided unity among the fighters
Any 1 x 1 = 1
- Why was Ethiopia not colonized by the Europeans in the nineteenth century? (1mark)
Ethopia successfully defeated the Italians at Adowa/Ethopia under Menelik II defeated the Italians.
Any 1 x 1 = 1
- Identify two ways in which Samori Toure acquired fire arms during the Mandinka Resistance. (2marks
- By manufacturing locally
- From organized raids on enemies
- By trading with the British.
- Any 2 x 1 = 2
- Identify one political reform introduced by President de Klerk that led to the achievement of black majority rule in South Africa. (1mark)
- He released all the political prisoners
- He appealed apartheid laws e.g. pass laws
- He allowed Africans to join political parties/participate in elections.
Any 1 x 1 = 1
- Give the main reason why the League of Nations was formed in 1919. (1mark)
To prevent the occurrence of another world war/to maintain world peace and security.
1 x 1 = 1
- Name two agencies of the United Nations Organization which deal with the problem of health. (2marks)
World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
NB – abbreviations do not score
Any 2 x 1 = 2
- Identify one military alliance formed during the cold war. (1mark
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- Warsaw Pact
Any 1 x 1 = 1
- Give two non-British colonies who are members of the Commonwealth. (2marks)
Mozambique
Cameroon
Togo
Any 2 x 1 = 2
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
Answer only three questions from this section
-
- Give three species of Australopithecus. (3marks)
- Australopithecus anamensis
- Australopithecus afarensis
- Australopithecus africanus
- Australopithecus robustus
- Australopithecus boisei Any 3 x 1 = 3
- Explain six ways in which Homo erectus attempted to improve his way of life. (12marks)
- He improved stone tools through the use of Levallois method
- He invented fire which was used for cooking, lighting, protection against wild animals etc
- He made and lived in cave for more permanent settlement and security.
- He made clothes out of animal skin by scrapping them clean, using efficient tools.
- He created leisure activities such as art work.
- He developed language for effective communication.
- He migrated to warmer areas or regions Any 6 x 2 = 12
- Give three species of Australopithecus. (3marks)
-
- Identify three major Trans-Continental railways in the modern world. (3marks)
- The Trans-Siberian Railway line.
- The Great American Railway
- The Canadian Pacific Railway Any 3 x 1 = 3
- Explain six ways through which the invention of the railway speeded up industrialization in Europe. (12marks)
- The invention of the railway facilitated transportation of bulky and heavy raw materials to industries.
- It speeded up the transportation of bulky manufactured goods to various markets in different parts of Europe.
- It facilitated the transportation of heavy industrial sources of energy to the industries e.g. coal.
- It provided reliable and cheaper means of transport for workers to the industries and thus enhancing their performance.
- It facilitated interactions between towns and business people and thus promoted investment in industries.
- It facilitated the migration and settlement of people to new lands which became sources of raw materials.
- It opened up mining and farming in the interior of most countries.
- It facilitated the transportation of heavy machinery for instillation in industries.
- Revenue from the railway was used in setting up industries.
Any 6 x 2 = 12
- Identify three major Trans-Continental railways in the modern world. (3marks)
-
- Give three methods used by European powers to establish colonial rule in Africa. (3marks)
- Signing of treaties
- Military conquest/force
- Company rule
- Collaboration/Diplomacy
- Treachery/tricks
- Divide and rule/playing off communities against each other.
- Enticing/luring the chiefs with gifts e.g. clothes and weapons
Any 3 x 1 = 3
- Explain six effects of the partition of Africa on the African communities. (12marks)
- Africans lost their independence as Europeans established colonies.
- African economies weakened by the Europeans exploitation of the resources.
- The African system of government were replaced by European system.
- Africans adopted European language which became official languages in the colonies.
- Modern African states were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition.
- Some African communities were split by the boundaries that were drawn during the partition.
- Africans lost land as Europeans established permanent settlement.
- Africans lost their lives/property as they resisted European occupation.
- African cultures were undermined through the introduction of western education/spread of Christianity
- Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which created overdependence on Europe.
- Intensification of warfare among African communities,
- Infrastructure was developed to link major mining and agricultural areas.
- Introduction of new policies on the Africans e.g. forced labour.
Any 6 x 2 = 12
- Give three methods used by European powers to establish colonial rule in Africa. (3marks)
-
- State three methods used by the nationalists in Ghana to fight for their independence. (3marks)
- They formed political parties
- They used boycotts/demonstrations/strikes/go-slows
- They organized political rallies to mobilize mass support.
- They used newspapers to articulate theirs views.
- They composed songs/poems to attack colonialism
- They used trade unions.
- They used the legislative council
- They used international forums Any 3 x 1 = 3
- Explain six factors that led to the development of African Nationalism in Ghana. (12marks)
- Inadequate African representation in the legislative council.
- Loss of power by the traditional African chiefs created discontent against the colonial government.
- The need to guard against possible land alienation by the British united the Africans.
- The Africans resented the introduction of high taxation by Europeans.
- The meagre earnings by Africans from the sale of cocoa to European created discontent among them.
- The order by the colonial government that farmers uproot their crops due to the ‘swollen shot’ disease upset the Africans.
- The involvement of the ex-servicemen in the Second World War inspired them to fight for their independence.
- The attainment of independence by India and Pakistan encouraged the Africans to demand for their right to govern themselves.
- The existence of young educated Africans who had understood the ideals of democracy.
- High rate of unemployment among the Africans created resentment/discontent.
- The United Nations Charter’s declaration on the importance of political independence of all people inspired the Ghanaians and other leaders.
- The charismatic leadership provided by Kwame Nkrumah united the people in their struggle against colonial domination.
- The selective granting of trading licenses to European traders while denying the same to the Africans created discontent among the Africans.
Any 6 x 2 = 12
- State three methods used by the nationalists in Ghana to fight for their independence. (3marks)
SECTION C (30MARKS)
Answer only two questions from this section.
-
- Identify five main organs of the United Nations Organization. (5marks)
- The General Assembly
- The Security Council
- The Secretariat
- The International Court of Justice
- The Economic and Social Council
- The Trusteeship Council
Any 5 x 1 = 5
- Discuss five ways through which the United Nations Organization promotes peace in the world. (10marks)
- It sends peace-keeping missions to conflict areas in order to enforce ceasefire or prevent further confrontation.
- It uses envoys to mediate disputes between warring groups so as to find amicable solutions to problems.
- It hears cases between states through The International Court of Justice
- It imposes sanctions against states that defy its resolutions in order to force them to comply.
- It uses peace messengers to sensitize people on importance of peace or encouraged peaceful co-existence.
- It encourages disarmament by signing arms control treaties or agreements with a view of reducing tension or suspicion between states.
- It promotes human rights and freedoms by enforcing international laws which protects people against abuse.
- It provides humanitarian assistance to the needy by giving them protection or basic needs.
- It promotes democracy and good governance in the countries by providing electoral assistance or sending observers to monitor elections.
- It condemns all forms of terrorism by putting in place mechanisms of combating it through international agreement.
Any 5 x 2 = 10
- Identify five main organs of the United Nations Organization. (5marks)
-
- Give five reasons why the First World War was referred to as the greatest war ever fought in the world by 1914. (5marks)
- Numerous states were involved in the war.
- A huge size of armed forces were assemblied and used in the combat.
- Lethal weapons never used before were used in the war e.g. machine guns, poisonous etc.
- Immense resources, both financial, economic and human were put in use during the war.
- There was colossal loss of life
- The war occasioned massive destruction of properties.
Any 5 x 1 = 5
- Explain five effects of the cold war that emerged after the Second World War. (10marks)
- The cold war led to space race between USA and USSR which led to the development of space crafts.
- The war cause insecurity as each power tried to spread its own ideology either by force or peace.
- The mistrust, accusation and counter accusation of the two powers resulted in international security and disruption of world peace leading to the arms race.
- In certain situations the cold war led to real war like in Korea and Vietnam.
- There were coup and counter coup in the 3rd world countries leading to rise of dictators.
- Europe was divided into two with an ‘iron curtain’, i.e. the Berlin wall restricting movement of people from east to west Germany and vice versa.
- It led to the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) which was a kind of neutralism to either of the power blocs. Any 5 x 2 = 10
- Give five reasons why the First World War was referred to as the greatest war ever fought in the world by 1914. (5marks)
-
- Give five factors for the growth of Pan-Africanism. (5marks)
- The humiliation and exploitation of Africans through slavery and slave trade and the hard experiences of Africans in the New world.
- Colonialism and colonial experiences that Africans were subjected to like forced labour, taxation etc.
- Awareness among Africans in the diaspora as they acquired western education and joined hands with those from the continent who were studying overseas to promote Pan-Africanism.
- The realization of the Africans that they had close cultural factors e.g. common ancestry.
- Desire by the Africans to work together for mutual support in order to improve their well-being.
Any 5 x 1 = 10
- Discuss five reasons why the Pan-African Movement had not established itself in the African continent before 1945. (10marks)
- There were very few African representatives in the movements and the few who existed were either students abroad or in exile.
- The colonial authorities did not allow Africans to organized movements that were opposed to colonial rule.
- The divide and rule policy of European powers hindered the unity of Africans.
- There was lack of contact and communication between Africans in French, British, Spanish, Italians and Portuguese colonies.
- The Africans in each colony were concerned with issues that were of particular interest to them.
- There was little attention given to the movement by the two independent countries, namely Ethiopia and Liberia.
- The French policy of the assimilation blind-folded the African who were given political rights and thus strove to acquire French citizenship, adopt their culture and remain closely related to France.
- Lack of suitable venue to hold conferences on the African soil until when Ghana gained independence and provided one.
Any 5 x 2 = 10
- Give five factors for the growth of Pan-Africanism. (5marks)
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