INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES:
- Answers to all questions in section A, three questions in section B and two questions in section C
SECTION A
Answer all questions from this section.(25marks)
- State the main method used by archaeologists to obtain information on history (1mk)
- Give one reason why early man moved from forests to settle in grasslands (1mk)
- State two ways in which poor transport has contributed to food shortages in Africa (2mks)
- State two roles of the Western Sudan rulers in the Trans-Saharan trade (2mks)
- Identify the main use of pipeline transport (1mk)
- Give one way in which the use of internet has promoted learning (1mk)
- State two factors that facilitated the spread of iron working in pre-colonial Africa (2mks)
- State two uses of bronze in ancient kingdom of Benin (2mks)
- State the main contribution of the discovery of chloroform in the field of medicine (1mk)
- Give two reasons why early urban centers in ancient Egypt developed in the Nile Valley (2mks)
- State two functions of the Ssaza chiefs among the Baganda in the 19th Century (2mks)
- Give two ways in which industrial revolution in Europe contributed to the European expansion to Africa (2mks)
- Identify the main method used by European powers to suppress resisting African communities during the colonial invasion of Africa (1mk)
- Identify two ways in which Samori Toure’s second empire contributed to his defeat by the French (2mks)
- Name the British High Commissioner who introduced Indirect rule in Nigeria (1mk)
- Name the political party that led Ghana to independence in 1957 (1mk)
- Identify one type on nationalism that developed in South Africa (1mk)
SECTION B (45MKS)
Answer any three questions in this section
-
- Name three types of dwellings used by early man in the early Stone Age Period (2mks)
- Describe the way of life human beings during the Late Stone Age period (12mks)
-
- State three disadvantages of using barter trade during Trans-Saharan trade (3mks)
- Explain six ways in which West African communities benefited from Trans-Saharan trade (12mks)
-
- Give three features of Macadamized roads (3mks)
- Explain six ways through which the invention of railway speeded up industrialization in Europe (12mks)
- Identify three methods used by European powers to establish their rule in Africa (3mks)
- Explain six reasons why African resistance against the colonial powers failed (12mks)
SECTION C(30MKS)
Answer any two questions in this section
-
- Give three importance of the Odwira festivals among the Asante (3mks)
- Describe the political organization of the Shona in the 19th Century (12mks)
-
- State three characteristics of British direct rule in Zimbabwe (3mks)
- Explain six effects the French policy of Assimilation in West Africa (12mks)
-
- State three external factors that facilitated the growth of African nationalism (3mks
- Expalin three political challenges faced by nationalists in South Africa in the struggle for majority rule.
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (25marks)
- State the main method used by archaeologists to obtain information on history (1mk)
- Excavation
- Give one reason why early man moved from forests to settle in grasslands (1mk)
- Availability of food/wild animals in the grasslands
- Climate in the grasslands was warmer
- Grasslands provided much needed water
- They protected themselves from dangerous animals/enemies
- State two ways in which poor transport has contributed to food shortages in Africa (2mks)
- Has led to high transport cost thus high prices of food
- Has undermined transportation of food leading to wastages and losses
- Has undermined the effectiveness of agricultural extension officers
- Agricultural inputs do not necessarily reach farms leading to poor food production
- State two roles of the Western Sudan rulers in the Trans-Saharan trade (2mks)
- Provided security to the traders
- Regulated the supply and production of goods
- Ensured steady supply of trade goods
- Identify the main use of pipeline transport (1mk)
- Transportation of petroleum products/fuel/ liquids and gases over long distances
- State one way in which the use of internet has promoted learning (1mk)
- It has enhanced storage of information
- It has promoted educational programmes e.g. google classroom, meet
- It has promoted research e.g. websites
- State two factors that facilitated the spread of iron working in pre-colonial Africa (2mks)
- Warfare
- Through giving/receiving gifts
- Through trade
- Migration of the Bantu
- Through agriculture
- Intermarriage
- State two uses of bronze in ancient kingdom of Benin (2mks)
- Used in making weapons
- Used in making tools
- Used in making decoration/ornaments
- It is used in making statutes
- It was used as an item of trade
- It was used as a currency
- State the main contribution of the discovery of chloroform in the field of medicine (1mk)
- It reduced pain during operation
- Give two reasons why early urban centers in ancient Egypt developed in the Nile Valley (2mks)
- Water from the Nile River was used for transport
- Water from the Nile River was used for domestic and industrial use
- Fertile river banks promoted agriculture leading to food security
- Cool temperature encouraged human settlements
- Vegetation along the Nile River provided building materials
- State two functions of the Ssaza chiefs among the Baganda in the 19th Century (2mks)
- Maintained law and oder
- Collected taxes
- Recruited men for military services
- Settled disputes/tried cases in courts
- Advised Kabaka/king/ were members of Lukiko
- Give two ways in which industrial revolution in Europe contributed to the European expansion to Africa (2mks)
- It created the need for raw materials which the Europeans came to acquire in Africa
- Europeans came to Africa to look for market for their industrial goods
- Capital generated from industries were to be invested in Africa
- Industrial revolution boosted transport system which enabled the Europeans to travel to Africa
- Identify the main method used by European powers to suppress resisting African communities during the colonial invasion of Africa (1mk)
- Military conquest/force/expedition
- Identify two ways in which Samori Toure’s second empire contributed to his defeat by the French (2mks)
- He was cut off from Bure gold fields which denied him important source of revenue for sustaining his army
- His second empire was surrounded by enemies e.g. the British
- He was exposed to war with communities he had attacked earlier
- He was cut off from free town where he had secured arms
- Name the British High Commissioner who introduced Indirect rule in Nigeria (1mk)
- Fredrick Lugard
- Name the political party that led Ghana to independence in 1957 (1mk)
- Convention People’s Party
- Identify one type on nationalism that developed in South Africa (1mk)
- British nationalism
- Afrikaner nationalism
- African nationalism
SECTION B (45MKS)
Answer any three questions in this section
- START=18nbsp;
- Name three types of dwellings used by early man in the early Stone Age Period (2mks)
- Rock shelters
- Tree trunks
- On top of tress
- In forests
- In caves First 3x1=3mks
- Describe the way of life human beings during the Late Stone Age period (12mks)
- Microlithic tools were used which were more efficient/effective in hunting /defence/farming
- Man lived in permanent shelters made of branches/leaves/grass which protected them from harsh climatic conditions/wild animals
- They practiced agriculture that ensured regular/adequate food supply
- Man led sedentary life thereby enabling him to carry out other activities
- Man developed a system of government in order to control the conduct of people
- Man developed religious beliefs/practices which they used to explain mysterious nature/natural phenomena
- They practiced art/basketry/pottery/weaving which were used for various purposes
- They buried/cremated the dead with possession as an expression of life after death
- They developed distinct language for communication
- They decorated the body with red ochre/painted their shelter
- They wore animal skin as garment/clothing Any 6x2=12mks
-
- State three disadvantages of using barter trade during Trans-Saharan trade (3mks)
- It is only acquired when there is double coincidence of wants
- Lack of common language undermine it/language barrier
- It lacked a common measure of value
- Some goods were perishable
- Some goods were bulky/difficult to carry
- Some goods were not divisible
- Explain six ways in which West African communities benefited from Trans-Saharan trade (12mks)
- They acquired essential items from trade e.g. Cloth, salt
- Commercial centers developed into towns along trade routes e.g. Gao, Kano
- African kingdoms established strong armies with firearms acquired from trade
- It stimulated the production/exchange of locally produced commodities such as gold, ivory
- Introduction of Islamic education in west Africa leading to the establishment of many centers of Islamic education
- Led to the spread of Islamic culture in west Africa leading to the development of Arabic architecture
- It opened up West Africa to the outside world/establishment of diplomatic ties with North Africa
- Led to the development of class of wealthy merchants in West Africa
- Islamic law/Sharia was introduced in administration First 6x2=12mks
- State three disadvantages of using barter trade during Trans-Saharan trade (3mks)
-
- Give three features of Macadam roads (3mks)
- They were all weather roads
- They were durable
- They were straight roads
- They were smooth which good motoring surface
- They had well drainage system
- They were wide
- They were cheap to construct First 3x1=3mks
- Explain six ways through which the invention of railway speeded up industrialization in Europe (12mks)
- It facilitated the transportation of bulky/heavy raw materials to industries
- It eased and speeded up transportation of bulky manufactured goods to the various markets in Europe
- It facilitated the transportation of heavy industrial sources of energy such as coal industries
- It provided a reliable and cheap means of transporting workers to industries and enhance their performance
- Revenue from railway was invested in setting up more industries
- It facilitated the transportation of heavy machinery for installation in industries
- It opened mining and farming in the interior of most countries
- It facilitated interaction between towns and business people, promoting investment in industries First 6x2=12mks
- Give three features of Macadam roads (3mks)
-
- Identify three methods used by European powers to establish their rule in Africa (3mks)
- Through military conquest/expeditions
- They signed treaties with African leaders /diplomacy /collaboration
- They lured African leaders with goods/treachery/
- They used chartered trading companies
- They used divide and rule/pitting off communities against each other in order to cause disunity First 3x1=3mks
- Explain six reasons why African resistance against the colonial powers failed (12mks)
- European powers had superior weapons compared to weapons used by Africans
- Disunity among African communities who fought as different entities
- Africans warriors were not well trained and coordinated
- The killing of African leaders demoralized Africans hence some surrendered
- The European troops were ruthless and employed scorch earth policy in suppressing resistance
- Some African communities were weakened diseases and natural calamities
- Some African communities collaborated with the European powers First 6x2=12mks
- Identify three methods used by European powers to establish their rule in Africa (3mks)
SECTION C(30MKS)
Answer any two questions in this section
-
- Give three importance of the Odwira festivals among the Asante (3mks)
- Enhanced unity in the Kingdom
- Gave people chance to honour the dead
- Gave the Omanhene opportunity to show their loyalty to Asentehene
- Provided opportunity to settle disputes First 3x1=3mks
- Describe the political organization of the Shona in the 19th Century (12mks)
- It was led by the king/emperor called Mwene Mutapa who had absolute powers /The kingdom was centralized under emperor
- The position of the king was hereditary
- The emperor appointed officials to take charge of particular duties eg the Chancellor, Royal doctors, , Military Commander, gatekeeper, Chief Cook
- The king was the head of religious activities/semi-divine
- The Queen’s Mother, the King’s Sister and the Nine principal’s wives helped the king in the administration of the kingdom
- There was an advisory council made of lesser chiefs heading provinces
- The vassal states were ruled by chiefs who paid tribute to the king
- The authority of the king was symbolized by the Royal Fire. This kept burning continuously at the capital city throughout the king’s rule
- The king had a strong standing army for defense and expansion
- There existed priests who acted as spies Any 6x2=12mks
- Give three importance of the Odwira festivals among the Asante (3mks)
-
- State three characteristics of British direct rule in Zimbabwe (3mks)
- It was dominated by European settlers
- It embraced racial discrimination
- The territory was administered by BSACO for a very long time
- There was massive alienation of African land
- The British regarded Zimbabwe as a whiteman’s country
- There was a legislative council dominated by white settlers First 3x1=3mks
- Explain six effects the French policy of Assimilation in West Africa (12mks)
- It undermined African culture as people took the French language and Christian religion
- It eroded the authority of traditional African rulers as they lost authority over their subjects
- It frustrated the spread of Islam as people were converted into Christianity
- Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters in France as either voters or candidates
- A great rift emerged between assimilated Africans and those who were subjected to taxation and forced labour
- The colony was incorporated in the French republic and regarded as oversea province of France
- The people of Senegal received western education as civilizing mission introduced education modeled on French system
- The elite class spearheaded the rise of nationalism later on in Senegal First 6x2=12mks
- State three characteristics of British direct rule in Zimbabwe (3mks)
-
- State three external factors that facilitated the growth of African nationalism (3mks
- Experience of ex-service men who participated in world wars
- Spread of Lennist-Maxist ideology /ideas that opposed colonization
- Activities of Pan African Movement
- Formation of United Nations Organization that stressed the need for political independence
- Gaining of independence in India and Pakistan that inspired African nationalists
- Influence of USA that put pressure on Britain to decolonize
- Rise of the Labour Party in Britain that came up with policies that supported decolonization First 3x1=3mks
- Explain six political challenges faced by nationalists in South Africa in the struggle for majority rule (12mks)
- Some were arrested and detained by the apartheid government eg Nelson Mandela, Sobukwe
- Some African nationalists such as Steve Biko were killed
- African political parties were banned by the government
- Pass laws restricted the movement of African nationalists
- The government banned African newspapers making it difficult to spread their ideas
- Ideological differences between moderates and radicals divided African nationalists
- Divide and rule policy employed by the government caused disunity among African nationalists
- They were denied access to state-owned media
- Banning of trade unions frustrated the efforts of African nationalists First 6x2=12mks
- State three external factors that facilitated the growth of African nationalism (3mks
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