Displaying items by tag: Class 6

Wednesday, 22 September 2021 08:28

Citizenship - Class 6 Social Studies Revision Notes

Patriotism

  • This is love for ones country
  • It is an element of a good citizen
  • A person who loves his country is called a patriot

Ways of demonstrating patriotism

  1. Obeying the laws
  2. Respecting other people and their property
  3. Participating in elections
  4. Offering services when called upon
  5. Payment of taxes
  6. Keeping the secrets of the countries
  7. Not engaging in corruption
  8. Talking good of our country
  9. Being royal
  10. Attending national celebrations
  11. Giving support to other kenyans

African Socialism

  • It is a national philosophy
  • It was adopted in the year 1965
  • Was introduced by Jomo Kenyatta and Tom Mboya
  • It was established through the introduction of sessional paper no.10 of 1965
  • It emphasizes the spirit of togetherness
  • It aims at achieving political and economic development
  • It encourages equal treatment
  • People are encouraged to live in harmony

Importances of African Socialism

  1. It promotes political democracy
  2. It emphasizes equality of all
  3. It urges people to respect others rights
  4. Encourages the development of mutual responsibilities
  5. It units all kenyans
  6. It encourages equal distribution of wealth
  7. vii. It encourages development in kenya

Democracy And Human Rights

Democracy

  • It means majority rule
  • In democracy majority of the people’s will is respected

Main principles of democracy

  • Principles of democracy refers to rules that are generally acceptable in governance
  • They include;
    1. Promotion of justice to all
    2. Promotion of equality before the law
    3. Promotion of freedom for all people
    4. Provision of equal opportunities for all citizens
    5. Recongnizing that power belongs to citizens
    6. Respect of people’s rights
    7. In democracy elections are valued

Human Rights

  • These are freedoms and privileges entitled to all Kenyans
  • They are in chapter four of the constitution
  • The section in the constitution with the human rights is called the bill of rights

Rights

  1. Right to life
  2. Right to education
  3. Right to information
  4. Right to vote
  5. Right to own property
  6. Right to equality
  7. Right to shelter
  8. Right to food
  9. Right to marry

Freedoms

  • Ability to make choices or do things without being stopped by others
  • They include;
    1. Freedom of worship
    2. Freedom of movement
    3. Freedom of assembly
    4. Freedom of association
    5. Freedom of expression
    6. Freedom from discrimination
    7. Freedom of speech

Rights of People With Special Needs

  1. Right to access special education
  2. Right to equal employment
  3. Right to protected from discrimination
  4. Right to access special equipments
  5. Right to be represented in parliament
  6. Right to equality before the law
  7. Right to fair trial

Responsibility of Persons With Special Needs

  1. They should be law abiding
  2. Respect their leaders
  3. They should not misuse their privaleges
  4. They should not misuse their rights
  5. They should take responsibilities to build the nation
  6. Participating in elections
  7. Take part in community projects
  8. Being elected in leadership positions.

Law Peace and Conflict Resolution

Laws

  • Rules guiding people to ensure peace and harmony

Peace

  • A state of calmness when there is no war

Conflict resolution

  • This is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement.

Factors that Promote Peace

  1. Tolerance
  2. Equal opportunities for all
  3. Equal distribution of resources
  4. Dialogue i.e discussing issues to bring understanding
  5. Games and sports
  6. Obeying the laws
  7. Respecting others
  8. Accountability of all people fairly
  9. Listenning to the opinion of others

Factors that Undermine Peace

  • These are things that result to a conflict
    1. Religious differences
    2. Political differences
    3. Civil wars
      Border disputes
    4. Unequal distribution of resources
    5. Robberies and cattle rustling.
    6. Uneployment
    7. Corruption
    8. Unequal application of the rule of law
    9. Intolerance
    10. Violation of people’s rights
    11. Tribalism and nepotism

Importance of Peace

  1. Leads to development
  2. Children are able to learn and go to school freely
  3. Leads to effective governance
  4. Tourism is developed
  5. In a peaceful state people enjoy their rights and freedoms
  6. Promotes good relations between people and country
  7. Promotes businesses and investments
  8. People can move freely to places within

The Government of Kenya

Arms of The Government

  1. Legislature
  2. Executive
  3. Judiciary

Elections

  • Held after every five years
  • Supervised by the IEBC – independent electoral and boundaries commission

Functions of IEBC

  1. Register voters
  2. Keeping and revising voters registers
  3. Registering and clearing candidates for elections
  4. Conducting of voters education
  5. Establishing polling stations
  6. Supervising of elections
  7. Counting of votes and announcing results
  8. Review the contituencies boundaries
  9. Supervising and conducting a referendum
  10. Recommends the creation of new constituencies
  11. Appoints and trains officials to supervise elections
  12. Determines the number each political party will niominate in the parliament
  13. Sets the campaign period
  14. Announces the election dates
  15. Settles disputes related to nomination

The Civil Electoral Process in Kenya

  • Carried out in a ward
  • The head of a ward is the county represetative or the member of the county assembly
  • County representatives are elected by the citizens

Qualifications of a County Representative

  1. Must be a kenyan citizen
  2. Must be 18years and above
  3. Must be able to read and write in both english and kiswahili
  4. Must be a registered voter
  5. Must be a member of a party or an independent candidate
  6. Must be of sound mind
  7. Must be staying in the ward
  8. Must be supported by atleast seven members of a ward
  9. Must have an ID card
  10. Must present his nomination papers to the returning officer
  11. Must pay a nomination fee of 1000 to the IEBC

The Electoral Process

  1. Dissolution of the county assembly
  2. The speaker declares all the seats vacant
  3. IEBC announces the election date
  4. Political parties nominate their civil candidates
  5. Candidates present nomination papers to the IEBC
  6. IEBC announces the campaign period
  7. IEBC organizes voting equipments and materials
  8. IEBC appoints and trains election officials
  9. Election materials are taken to polling stations
  10. Voting is done from 6.00am to 5.00 pm on the day of election
  11. Voting is done by the use of secret ballots
  12. Counting of votes is done and witnessed by the observers and party representatives
  13. Presiding officers announces results at the polling stations
  14. All polling stations in the ward submit their counted votes to the returning officer and the winner is officially announced.

How a County Representative May Lose His Civil Seat

  1. In case of death
  2. Resignation from the seat
  3. If declared bankrupt by a court of law
  4. If civil election is nullified
  5. If he is jailed for more than six months
  6. Incase of a nominated county representative the IEBC may nullify the nomination
  7. Incase one is declared insane
  8. In case one looses his kenyan citizenship
  9. Resignation or defecting from his/her party
  10. If he misses 8 consecutive sittings in the county assembly.

Traditional Forms of Government

  • In the pre-colonial periods aficans had well established governments through
    1. Kingdoms e.g.the wanga kingdom in kenya,buganda and bunyara in uganda
    2. Empires ruled by emporers in ethiopia
    3. Chiefdom ruled by powerful chiefs among nyamwezi in tanzania
    4. Council of elders among the ameru in kenya

The Buganda System of Government

  • The Buganda Kingdom was situated to the south west of Lake Kyoga and North West of Lake Victoria
  • The Buganda had a centralised type of government ruled by a king known as Kabaka
  • The stories of origin of the Buganda kingdom conclude that it was founded by a person known as Kimera and Kintu

Factors that led to the rise of Buganda Kingdom

  1. It was small and stable hence easy to rule
  2. It was sorrounded by weak neighbours
  3. Participation in the long distant trade
  4. Enough food supply
  5. Strong able ruler
  6. Creation of a royal bodyguard to protect the king

Structure of the Government

  • It was ruled by a king whose tittle was kabaka
  • When the king died his son took over
  • The kabaka was assisted by;
    1. Katikiro – prime minister
    2. Omulamuzi – chief justice
    3. Omuwanika – treasurer
  • He was assisted by lukiiko(parliament)which made laws and discussed the budget

Administrative Structure of the Kingdom

  • The Kingdom was divided into countries(district) called sazas ruled by ssaza chiefs
  • Counties were divided into units called sub-counties or gombolola ruled by gombolola chiefs
  • Sub-counties were divided into kitongole ruled by batangole chiefs
  • Below the kitongole were villages ruled by miruka chiefs
  • Clan heads called bataka assisted the king on matters relating to clan land

Functions of the Kabaka

  1. Administrative. He was the head of government
  2. Judicial. He settled major disputes
  3. Religious. He acted as a demigod who linked the baganda and their God
  4. Military. He was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces

The Government Among the Nyamwezi

  • Nyamwezi are Bantus speakers in Tanzania
  • The Nyamwezi lived in many independent groups ruled by chiefs known as ntemi
  • The name Nyamwezi means people of the moon they came from the west the direction of the new moon.

Structure of Government

  • The position of the nyamwezi chief was hereditary.
  • Ntemi was assisted by five officials
    1. Mganwe – the ritual officer
    2. Mtwale – the army officer
    3. Mteko – assistant army officer
    4. Kikoma – the information officer
    5. Minule – the tax officer
  • Council of elders among the nyamwezi was called wanyaphala
  • The ntemi was chosen by a leadingheadman called mugabe
  • Ntemi was also assisted by religious officials known as wanjikulu
  • The most famous chiefs among the nyamwezi were
    1. Mirambo the chief of urambo
    2. Nyungu ya mawe the chief of ukimbu
  • The mercenary soldiers among the nyamwezi was known as ruga ruga

Duties of Ntemi

  1. He was the commander in chief
  2. He administered the chiefdom
  3. He made judgement on cases of murder
  4. He controled trade between the arabs and his people
  5. He chaired riligious ceremonies

Role of Traditional Governments

  1. The leaders presided over social cultural and religious leaders
  2. They maintained law and order
  3. The stading armies protected the communities
  4. They encouraged respect of authority
  5. They settled disputes and conflicts among the people
  6. They encouraged people to work hard to feed their families

Early Visitors To Eastern Africa

  • The early visitors to eastern africa came from different parts of the world and at different times They include
    1. The traders
    2. The explorers
    3. The missionaries

Explorers

  • An explorer is a person who travels to new places to find out more about those places
  • Explorers first came to eastern africa in the 15th century
  • They called africa the dark continent(little was known about Africa)

    Examples of explorers
    1. Vasco Da Gama
    2. Henry Morton Stanley
    3. Richard Burton
    4. Samuel Baker and his wife
    5. John Speke
    6. James Grant

Vasco Da Gama

  • He was the first european explorer to come to eastern africa from portugal
  • He arrived in mombasa in 1498
  • He was looking for a sea route to india to enable the porguese trade with India directly
  • Looking for a place along the coast where they would get fresh supplies of food and water
  • Vasco da gama was not well received in Mombasa he moved to Malindi where he built a pillar called Vasco Da Gama pillar
  • He visited countries like Mozambique

 

John Speke

  • He was born in england in 1827
  • He first came to africa in 1856
  • He was a soldier
  • He was sent by the royal geographical society in london to find the source of River Nile
  • He discovered lake victoria and named it after queen of England
  •  After meeting Kabaka Mutesa of the Buganda he was shown a fall and named it rippon falls
  • He travelled along river nile to england through Egypt

Henry Morton Stanley

  • He was a journalist by profession
  • He was sent by royal geographical society to look for Dr.livingstone
  • He arrived in Zanzibar in 1871
  • He met Livingstone to the west of Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji but he refused to go back to England
  • In 1874 Stanley sailed around Lake Victoria and confirmed it was the source of nile
  • He visited the Buganda Kingdom and established friendly relations with Kabaka Mutesa I
  • The protestants missionaries who were sent by the church missionary society arrived in Buganda in 1876
  • The Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in 1879

N/B Henry Morton Stanley established that there was no relationship between River Nile ,Lake Tanganyika and River Lualaba

Results of the coming of explorers

  1. The Portuguese exposed Africa resources to the rest of the world
  2. They opened up Eastern Africa for the colonialists
  3. Report Dr.Livingstone helped to stop slave trade

Traders

  • They were the earliest visitors to Eastern Africa
  • They included
    1. Persians from iran
    2. Greeks from Greece
    3. Romans from Rome
    4. Chinese from China
    5. Arabs from Arabia
  • They came to find markets for their goods and aquire raw materials for their industries 
  • The traders included ;
    1. Seyyid said
    2. William mackinon
    3. Carl peters

Seyyid said

  • He was a ruler in oman arab
  • He transfered his capital from oman to zanzibar in 1840

Reasons why he transferred his capital to Zanzibar

  1. Unfavourable climatic conditions in oman(extremely hot)
  2. He wanted to effectively control the coastal towns and trade
  3. Zanzibars good climate and fertile soils
  4. Zanzibar had a good harbour
  5. Zanzibar was centrally placed
  6. Escape stiff competition for leadership in oman
  7. To increase trade along the coast Seyyid Said did the following
    1. Organised trade caravans with the purpose of having regular supplies of ivory and slaves
    2. He signed trade treaties with USA, britain and france
    3. He invited indians traders and money lenders called banyans

N/B said sayyid died in 1856.

William Mackinon

  • He was a businessman from Scotland
  • He owned the British India Team Navigation Company which carried out trading activities between India and the coast of Eastern Africa
  • He founded the British East Africa Company in 1887
  • It later changed to Imperial British East Africa Company
  • To ensure full control of the colony the IBEAC;
    1. Maintain law and order in the colony
    2. Collected taxes
    3. Recruited administrators to assist in governance
  • Under the company rule revolts from the africans were widespread
  • The British government took over the colony in 1898 when IBEACO bacame bankrupt

Carl Peters

  • He was a German sent by the society of German colonization
  • The association wanted to get colonies for Germany
  • He founded the German East African Company to support trading activities
  • In 1888 the German government took over the colony after the GEACo ran out of funds
  • The German East African company enabled German to acquire Tanganyika, Burundi and Rwanda

Reasons for the coming of early visitors

  1. To trade with the people of the coast
  2. To look for markets for their goods
  3. The romans traders wanted to break arab monopoly of the coastal trade
  4. To look for resources for their industries

Results of the coming of early visitors

  1. They introduced new crops e.g.maize, pineapples and cassava
  2. Missionaries introduced modern health facilities by building hospitals
  3. Introduction of western education
  4. Introduction of islamic and christianity in the region
  5. Intermarriage of arabs and bantus gave rise to the swahili language and culture
  6. Development of towns e.g.Mogadishu, Kismayu, Lamu, Malindi, Kilifi, Mombasa, Dar er Salaam, Bagamoyo, Lindi, Mtwara, and Zanzibar
  7. Construction of tourist sites such as Fort Jesus and Vasco da Gama pillar
  8. They undermined African Culture
  9. They opened up Africa to the scrabble for colonies
  10. Africans lost their lands and independence
  11. Slave trade led to depopualation of some parts of east africa
  12. Resulted to forced labour
  13. It led to racial discrimination
  14. African workers were underpaid

Establisment of Colonial Rule

Scramble And Partition of Eastern Africa

  • Scramble refers to the way European countries rushed and competed to get colonies in Eastern Africa
  • Partition was the orderly manner in which the Europeans divided Eastern Africa among themselves

Reasons For The Scramble

  1. Europeans wanted to get raw materials for their industries
  2. Wanted to get markets for their manufactured goods
  3. The British wanted to control the coast of Eastern Africa so as to get Uganda and protect the source of River Nile
  4. They wanted places to settle their surplus population
  5. For their prestige or show how powerful they were
  6. wanted to stop slave (missionaries)

The Process of Partioning of Eastern Africa

  1. Tanganyika became a German protectorate
  2. The Islands of Pemba and Zanzibar, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan and part of Somalia were part of British of protection
  3. Italians were allowed to have Somaliland
  4. The French took part of Somaliland(today Djibouti)
  5. Ethiopia remained independent after defeating Italy in 1886 in the battle of Adowa

Colonial Rule

  • After the partition the Germans took over the administration of Tanganyika from GEAC in 1892
  • The british government also took over the administration of kenya in 1895 and uganda in 1894(british east africa protectorate)
  • Initially the British Government appointed a commission and later a Governor to carry out administration of East African Protectorate
  • The German Government also appointed a Governor to administer Tanganyika

Colonial Systems of Administration

British Colonial Administration in Kenya

  • Kenya became a British East Africa protectorate in 1895
  • It became a British colony in 1920
  • The country was divided into provinces, districts, divisions and villages
  • The colony was headed by a governor.
  • Provinces, districts and divisions were administered by europeans officials
  • Locations and villages were administered by chiefs, and headmen who were african
  • The role of the chief was to
    1. Collect taxes
    2. Recruit labour to work in the settlers farms

British structure of administration

  • Colonial secretary in britain
  • Governor(representing british government)
  • Provincial commissioner(PC)
  • District commissioner (DC)
  • District officer(DO)
  • Chief
  • Headman

The German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika

  • Tanganyika came under German administration in 1888
  • The German East Africa Company under the Carl Peters established Colonial Rule in Tanganyika
  • The Company introduced taxes and tried to control trade at the coast
  • The Arab traders led by Abushiri Bin Salim rebelled against the company(aAbushiri rebellion) in august 1888-1889
  • The rebellion was crushed and Abushiri hanged
  • In 1891 the German government took over the GEACo
  • A governor was appointed who divided the country into provinces and districts.
  • The akidas(chiefs)who were mainly arabs and swahili assisted in administration 
  • The jumbes were headmen who were very harsh and cruel to the Africans
  • In 1905-1907 the Africans revolted against the German rule led by Kinjiketile ngware in what they called maji maji rebellion
  •  After the rebillion a new governor was appointed(Rechenberg)who made the following changes;
    1. He reduced the number of Africans working in the European farms
    2. Africans were allowed to grow cash crops
    3. He encouraged construction of roads
    4. He encouraged provision of education and use of swahili as a national language
    5. He replaced the Arabs and Swahili akidas and jumbes with educated africans

N/B German rule over Tanganyika came to an end after the first World War in 1918.Tanganyika was placed as a trust territory to the British by the league of nations. Rwanda and urundi were taken over by the belgium and became Rwanda and Burundi.

Effects of colonial rule

Positive effects

  1. Led to growth of towns
  2. Introduction of formal education
  3. Introduction of new crops
  4. Development and improvement of transport and communication
  5. Colonial rule led to the abolishment of slave trade
  6. It led to the rise and growth of nationalism

Negative effects

  1. Loss of independence
  2. Division of communities
  3. Over-exploitation of natural resources
  4. Mistreatment of africans
  5. Neglect of craft industries
  6. Loss of land
  7. Loss of african culture
  8. Creation of political boundaries separated communities
  9. Loss of life and destruction of properties

African Response to Colonial Rule

  • This refers to the way africans bahaved or reacted when europeans established their rule over them.
  • Some africans leaders led their communities in welcoming the Europeans in their territories collaboration
  • Others opposed colonial rule in their territories(resisted)

Resistance 

  • Kabaka Mwanga
    • He succeeded his father Kabaka Mutesa I as a King in 1884
    • He bacame the king at the youthful age of eighteen
    • Mwanga reduced the influence of Christians by asking them to renounce their faith
    • Mwanga ordered for the killing of Christians who refused to renounce their faith
    • In 1885 Mwanga ordered for the killing of Bishop Hannington of the Cirus

      Reasons for the Mwangas Resistance
      1. He feared being conquered from the East according to the prophecy
      2. He feared that the christians converts would no longer be loyal to him
      3. He realized that missionaries in Buganda were becoming too strong to be controlled
      4. Warnings from the Arabs about the increasing number of Europeans

  • The Hehe Rebellion
    • It was led by Chief Mkwawa of the hehe between 1891-1898(Mkwawa means conquerer of many lands)
    • In the attack the hehe warriors killed 300 Germans soldiers in 1891 in the battle of Lugalo
    • In 1894 the German attacked Mkwawa's headquarters at Kalenga but mkwawa escaped
    • In 1898 Germans cornered him but he commited suicide rather than be captured alive
    • The Germans chopped off his head and sent it to Germany to be kept in the museum

Collaboration

  1. Kabaka Mutesa I
    • He ruled buganda between 1856-1884
    • In 1877-1879
    • He welcomed church missionaries society and the Roman Catholic missionaries

      Reasons for collaboration
      1. Wanted to check the spread of the Bunyoro kingdom
      2. Wanted to protect his kingdom from external attacks
      3. He respected the Europeans because of their knowledge and skills
      4. He feared the influence of muslims in the kingdom
      5. He greatly admired the medicines and presents that the Europeans came with

  2. Laibon Lenana
    • He was the son of the great Laibon Mbatian who died in 1890
    • Mbatian had two sons Lenana and Senteu who competed for leadership
    • Lenana bacame the leader of the Maasai living in the north of Kenya- Tanzania border

      Reasons for collaboration
      1. He wanted British support against his brother
      2. Wanted support from the British who raided the Agikuyu
      3. He wanted help from the British because of the famine that had occured in his area

        Results of lenana collaboration
        1. He was recognised as a paramount chief
        2. He was rewarded with cattle for his co-operation
        3. The railway was built through maasai land without trouble
        4. Maasai morans used to raid communities who opposed the construction of the railway.
        5. Oloibon lenana signed two agreements with the British
          1. Anglo Maasai treaty of 1904
          2. 2nd Anglo Maasai treaty of 1911
        6. These treaties caused the communities to lose their land and independence

Struggle For Independence In Tanganyika

  • German rule in tanganyika ended in 1918 when it lost in the 1st World War
  • In 1919, The League of Nations took over Tanganyika and gave it to the British a trust territory
  • Tanganyika became a British colony in 1920
  • In 1922 the Tanganyika territory African Civil Servants Associates was founded
  • In 1924 Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association was formed to address the farmers problems
  • In 1929 Tanganyika African Association was founded to demand for better jobs and more African to the legco
  • In 1945 Nyerere became an official of TAA while still a Student in Makerere University College
  • In 1954 TAA changed its name to Tanganyika African National Union with Nyerere as the president and Oscar Kambina as secretary general.
  • Nyerere was nominated to the legco in 1954
  • In 1956 the Europeans founded the United Tanganyika Party UTP to oppose TANU
  • In the 1958 legco elections TANU won all the seats
  • In 1960 elections were held and TANU won 70 out of the 71 seats Nyerere bacame the cheif minster as Tanganyika was granted self government
  • In December 1961 Tanganyika was granted full independence with Nyerere as first prime minister.
  • In 1964 Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania
  • Nyerere became the president and Sheikh Abeid Karume the deputy president

Life And Contributions Of Prominent Leaders in Eastern Africa

Haile selasie

  • Haile selasie was born in 1892 in Harar, Ethiopia.
  • His real name was Ras Tafari Mackonen
  • Ras means prince
  • He was a cousin to Menelik II
  • Before he was crowned the emperor, he ruled Ethiopia as a regent
  • A regent is a person who rules in place of a king who is either sick or too young
  • Mackonen was helping Zaiduti who had become empress(Menelik’s young daughter)after the death of her father.
  • In 1930 Mackonen was crowned the emperor and got a throne name Haile Selasie which means power of trinity

Contributions

  1. He set up private schools to modernize education.
  2. He introduced a new constition in ethiopia
  3. He trained his army in France and equiped them with modern weapons
  4. He brought American experts to advice on national development issues
  5. He helped to abolish the ownership of slaves
  6. He organised his government into ministries
  7. He resisted Italian invasion in Ethiopia.
  8. He was a founder member of Organisation of African Unity in may 1963 at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  9. NB haile selasie died in 1975

Julius Nyerere

  • He was born in 1922 in Butian village in Musoma district of Tanzania
  • He was trained as a teacher in Makerere University in Uganda
  • After returning from England in 1953, he became the president of TAA.
  • He founded TANU in 1954

Contributions

  1. He became the chief minister in 1960
  2. In 1961 he led the people of Tanganyika to independence. He became the first prime minister of Tanganyika in 1961
  3. In 1964 they merged Tanganyika and Zanzibar to the United Republic of Tanzania with Nyerere as its first president
  4. Through his efforts TANU and ASP merged to form Chama Cha Mapinduzi.
  5. In 1967 Nyerere together with the leaders of Kenya and Uganda established the East African Community.
  6. Took part in the liberation of some African countries still under colonial rule e.g.mozambique, angola, zimbabwe and namibia
  7. He organised his people into villages called ujamaa villages where people shared facilities provided by the government
  8.  He was a founder member of OAU.
  9. He improved formal education
  10. He campaigned for world peace and a reduction of dangerous weapons. Nyerere was rewarded the beyond war award in 1985
  11. He helped liberalise Uganda from the brutal rule of Idi Amin in 1979
  12. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere retired voluntarily as a president of Tanzania in 1986

NB Mwalimu Julius Nyerere died in 1999 after suffering from lukeimea at the age of 77yrs 

Regional Cooperations

  • Regional cooperation is the act of countries working together with a common objectives
  • Examples
    1. East african community(EAC)
    2. Inter-government authority on development (IGAD)

The East African Community

  • EAC was formed in June 1967 by three heads of state of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
  • It had its headquaretrs in Arusha, Tanzania
  • It collapsed in 1977
  • In 1993 the heads of states revived the cooperation as East African Co-operation
  • In 1999 it was transformed to East African Community
  • The new EAC started its operations in july 2000
  • The headquarters are still in Arusha, Tanzania

Objectives of EAC

  1. Promotes a wider markets for goods
  2. Reduce or remove trade barriers like taxes
  3. Promote common services like transport, communication , education, health and security
  4. Promotes science, research and technology.
  5. Promotes peace, security and political stability in the region
  6. Promotes free movement of people in the region

Member countries

  • Kenya
  • Uganda
  • Tanzania
  • Rwanda
  • Burundi
  • Rwanda and Burundi joined the organisation in 2008

Problems facing EAC

  1. Production of similar items of trade
  2. Lack of a common currency
  3. Poor means of transport and communication
  4. High taxes
  5. Political instability
  6. Mistrust among the leaders
  7. The emergence of other regional bodies
  8. Lack of enough funds

Inter-Governmental Authority on Development(IGAD)

  • It was formerly formed as inter-government authority on drought and development (IGADD) in 1986
  • Its objective was to check the spread of deserts in the horn of Africa
  • In order to deal with other challenges facing the member countries IGADD changed its name to IGAD in 1992

Objectives of IGAD

  1. Establish peace and security in the region
  2. Promote food security
  3. Promote inter-regional trade
  4. Improve transport and communication facilities
  5. Encourage the conservation and preservation of the environment
  6. To eradicate poverty
  7. Rehabilitate destroyed infrastructure and displaced people

Member countries of IGAD

  • Somalia
  • Sudan
  • Uganda
  • Kenya
  • Ethiopia
  • Djibouti
  • Eritrea

Problems facing IGAD

  1. Political instability due to civil wars
  2. Lack of enough funds
  3. Misunderstanding among the member states
  4. Lack of a central government in Somalia that makes it difficult for IGAD to carry out its programmes
  5. Religious differences between muslims and christians
  6. Lack of primary health care and HIV and Aids PANDEMICS
  7. Lack of trust and confidence among member states
  8. Cultural beliefs that do not promote women’s welfare
  9. Low levels of literacy due to inadequate educational facilities and teachers
  10. Contributions from the member states do not get the secretarial on time therefore delaying its programmes

Tuesday, 21 September 2021 09:38

Making Work Easier - Class 6 Science Revision Notes

Force

Force is a pull, push or lift.
It is measured in Newtons (N)
A moving object is said to be in motion while an object at rest is said to be stationary.
Force is measured by the use of a spring balance.

Examples of Force

  • Force of gravity (weight)
  • Frictional force
  • Magnetic force
  • Inertial force

Effects of Force

  • Makes an object to start moving
  • Stops a moving object
  • Change direction of a moving object
  • Speeds up a moving object
  • Change the shape of an object.
Published in Science Class 6 Notes

Composition of Air

Air is a mixture of gases

Air mainly consists of :

  • Gases
  • Water vapour
  • Dust particles

Components of Air

Uses of Oxygen

  • Breathing ( Respiration)
  • Germination
  • Burning ( Combustion)
  • Rusting.

Uses of Carbon Dioxide

  • Photosynthesis
  • Preserve soft drinks
  • To make fire extinguishers
  • Used in baking
  • Used in making dry ice.

Uses of Nitrogen

  • Used by plants to make proteins
  • Used to preserve semen
  • It is taken in through the roots as nitrates. Leguminous plants are able to convert nitrogen to nitrates.

Uses of Inert Gases

  • They include Argon, Neon, Helium and Krypton
  • Used in electric bulbs and light tubes
  • Used in coloured advertising signboards.
  • Used in hot air balloons.
Published in Science Class 6 Notes
Tuesday, 21 September 2021 09:09

Energy - Class 6 Science Revision Notes

Light

How light travels

  • Light travels in a straight line away from the source.
  • Light travels to all directions from the source.

Transparent Materials

They are materials that allow all light to pass through them and one can see through them clearly.
Examples: Clear glass, Clear water, air

Uses of transparent materials

  • They are used in making:
  • Car windscreens
  • Spectacles
  • Window panes
  • Lamps
  • Glass walls

Translucent Materials

They are materials that allow only little light to pass through them.
Examples:

  • Frosted glass
  • Tracing paper
  • Oiled or waxed paper

Uses of translucent materials

They are used in making:

  • Skylights
  • Toilet and bathroom window panes
  • Ambulance windows.

Opaque Materials

They are materials that do not allow any light to pass through them.
When light hits an opaque materials a shadow is formed.
Examples:

  • Wood
  • Stone
  • Metals

Reflection of Light

Reflection is the bouncing back of light when Materials that reflect light are called reflectors.
Reflection happens when light hits a smooth shinny surface.

Types of Reflection

  • Regular reflection
  • Irregular (diffused)

Characteristics of the image in a plane mirror

  • The image is upright
  • The image is behind the mirror
  • The image is the same size as the object
  • The image is laterally inverted.

Refraction of Light

It is the process in which light bends or changes direction when it moves from one medium to another. (air to water)

Effects of Refraction                                       

  • Objects appear bent or broken
  • Objects appear bigger
  • Swimming pool appear shallower

Making a Rainbow

A rainbow is formed by the refraction of light. To be formed raindrops and sunshine is required.
The process of splitting light into seven different colours is known as dispersion.
A group of seven colours in the rainbow is known as spectrum

Published in Science Class 6 Notes
Tuesday, 21 September 2021 09:01

Food and Nutrition - Class 6 Science Revision Notes

Food Preservation

It is the process of storing and handling food properly so as to stop or slow down its spoilage.

Reason for Preserving Food

  • To reduce food wastage
  • To prevent it from being spoilt
  • For easy transport
  • To make food available when out of season.

Methods of Food Preservation

Food preservation is classified into;

  • Traditional methods
  • Modern methods

Traditional Methods

They include;

  • Smoking- forms a coat
  • Drying- reduce moisture
  • Salting- reduce moisture
  • Use of honey- prevents oxygen
  • Use of ash- reduce moisture

Modern Methods

  • Canning-killing germs and preventing oxygen
  • Refrigeration- low temperature
  • Freezing- low temperature

Drying is both traditional modern method of preserving food. It is also the cheapest method of food preservation.

Published in Science Class 6 Notes
Tuesday, 21 September 2021 08:52

Soil - Class 6 Science Revision Notes

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is the carrying away of the top soil from one place to another.

Agents of Soil Erosion

They are things that carry soil from one place to another. They include;

  • Water
  • wind

Factors that Influence Soil Erosion

  1. Slope of land
  2. Type of soil
  3. Vegetation cover
  4. Amount of rainfall
  5. Human activities

Types of Soil Erosion

  1. Splash erosion
  2. Sheet erosion
  3. Rill erosion
  4. Gulley erosion

Splash Erosion

It occurs when raindrops fall on bare loose soil.
It can be controlled by;

  • Planting cover crops
  • mulching

Sheet Erosion

It occurs when water or wind carries away thin uniform layers of the topsoil.
It is not easily noticed
It occurs on gentle slopes.
Best controlled by;

  • Planting cover crops
  • Planting trees
  • Landslides are caused by sheet erosion

Rill Erosion

It occurs when water flows down a slope and make small shallow channels. The channels are known as rills. it is common on gentle sloping areas.
It can be controlled by;

  • Terracing
  • Contour farming
  • Strip cropping

Gulley Erosion

It occurs when water make deep channels , they are known as gulleys.
Gulley erosion leads to the formation of V-shaped or U-shaped channels.
It is common on bare hill slopes.
It can be controlled by;

  • Gabions
  • Porous dams
  • Check dams
Published in Science Class 6 Notes
Tuesday, 21 September 2021 08:42

Water - Class 6 Science Revision Notes

Waterborne Diseases

They are diseases that are spread through contaminated water. They include:

  1. Cholera
  2. Typhoid
  3. Bilharzia.

Cholera

It is caused by bacteria. it can cause death within 24 hours if not treated. It causes death through dehydration.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Violent diarrhoea (rice water).
  • Vomiting.
  • Severe abdominal pains
  • Wrinkled skin due to dehydration.
  • Sunken eyeballs

Typhoid

It mainly affects the intestines. It is also known as typhoid fever.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Pain in the joints and muscles
  • High fever
  • Abdominal pains
  • Skin rash

Bilharzia

It is caused by bilharzia worms or blood flukes. It is carried by water snails.

The disease mainly affect the bladder and intestines
Bilharzia worms enter the body through the skin.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Blood in urine and stool
  • Coughing may occur
  • Abdominal pain
  • Swimmers itch
  • Fever
Published in Science Class 6 Notes
Tuesday, 21 September 2021 08:28

Animals - Class 6 Science Revision Notes

Animal Feeds

They are classified into:

  • Pastures
  • Fodder
  • Conserved feeds
  • Commercial feeds

Pasture

They are grasses and legumes that animals feed on directly.

They are classified into;
Pure stand ; only consist of either grass or legumes only
Mixed stand ; consists of both grass and legumes

Grass

Examples of grass include;

  • Kikuyu grass
  • Star grass
  • Giant sataria
  • Rhodes grass

Legumes

There are 4 main legumes used as pasture, they include;

  • Clover
  • Lucerne
  • Glycine
  • Desmodium.

Fodder

They are crops that are hervestered or cut then given to the animals. examples;

  • Napier grass
  • Guatemala grass
  • Potato vines
  • Maize stalks
  • Kales
  • Sugar beet

Conserved Feeds

They are animal feeds that are preserved in a special way to be used in future.
They are divided into two;

  1. Hay
  2. sillage

Hay

  • It is cut and preserved by drying
  • It is stored in bales

Silage

  • It is harvested when it is about to flower. It is preserved by fermentation.
  • It is stored when still green or in the succulent state.
  • It is stored in silos
  • The molasses is added to speed up fermentation.

Methods of Grazing

  • Rotational grazing
  • Zero grazing
  • Herding

Rotational Grazing

They include:

  • Tethering
  • Paddocking
  • Strip grazing

Tethering

The animal is tied to a peg or post using a rope
The rope allows the animal to graze within a restricted area.
It is practised were few animals are kept

Paddocking

The land is divided into small areas known as paddocks using a permanent fence
A watering point is usually provided in each paddock.

Strip grazing

The animals are enclosed in a small portion of the pasture using a temporary fence.
An electric fence is usually used.

Zero Grazing

It is also known as stall feeding
The animals are confined in a permanent structure (shed)
The shed should have feeding area, watering area, sleeping area and milking area.

Herding

It is a type of grazing where animals are allowed to graze
freely on large areas of land.

Published in Science Class 6 Notes
Tuesday, 21 September 2021 08:09

Solar System - Class 6 Science Revision Notes


Venus is the brightest and the hottest
Mercury takes the shortest time to go round the sun
Mars is known as the red planet
Jupiter is the largest planet
Saturn has visible rings around it.
Asteroids are found in between mars and Jupiter
Planets ;smallest to largest

Rotation


it is the process in which the Earth spins on its own axis
The Earth rotates on its own axis
The earth takes 24 hours to make a complete rotation.
The rotation cause day and night

 

Revolution

It is the process in which the Earth moves around the sun.
The path that is followed by the Earth as it goes around the
sun is called orbit
The Earth takes 365 ¼ days to make one complete revolution.

 

Published in Science Class 6 Notes
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