Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Wahundura Boys Mock Examination 2023

INSTRUCTIONS

This paper has two sections A and B.
Answer All questions in section A.
In section B, Answer question six and any other two questions.

QUESTIONS

SECTION A: 25 MARKS

The diagram below shows the internal structure of the earth.
1. Name the parts marked X and Y (2marks)
2. Give three characteristics of the part marked Y (3marks)
1. State three conditions necessary for siting a weather station. (3 marks)
2. Name three instruments that are placed inside the Stevenson’s Screen. (3 marks)
State five characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation. (5 marks)
1. Differentiate between a river divide and a river catchment (2marks)
2. Name three ways through which a river transport its load (3marks)
Give four sources of underground water (4marks)

SECTION B: 75 MARKS
Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section

You are provided with a map of KISUMU EAST, EAST AFRICA 1:50,000 (KENYA) sheet 116/2.Use it to answer the following questions.
1. 1. convert the scale of this map into a statement scale (2 marks)
  2. Identify three physical features found at grid square 9995 in the area covered by the
    Map. (2marks)
  3. Give the bearing of the air photo principal point at grid square 9584 from the south western corner of the area covered by the map. (2marks)
  4. Give the magnetic variation of the area covered by the map ( 2 marks)
2. Citing evidence from the map, give five social services offered in Kisumu town (5 marks)
3. Describe the relief of the area covered by the map (5marks)
4. 1. On the graph paper provided,
    use a vertical scale of 1cm represent 50 metres to draw a cross section from point 950950 to point 020950 in the area covered by the map (4marks)
  2. On it mark and label
    - Dry weather road (1mark)
    - Power transmission line (1mark)
    - Motorable track (1mark)
1. 1. Apart from metamorphic rocks, name two other categories of rocks. (2 marks)
  2. Describe the following processes of formation of metamorphic rocks.
    - Dynamic metamorphism (4 marks)
    - Thermal metamorphism (4 marks)
2. Explain three ways in which rocks are significant to human activities in Kenya. (6 marks)
3. You intend to carry out a field study on the types of rocks within the school locality.
  1. Identify three items that you will carry during the study. (3 marks)
  2. State three activities that you will be involved in during the study (3marks)
  3. List three types of metamorphic rocks that you are likely to identify (3marks)
1. 1. What is folding? (2marks)
  2. Name four features formed as a result of folding (4marks)
  3. Explain how Fold Mountains are formed according to convectional current theory (3marks)
2. 1. Differentiate between orogeny and orogenesis (2marks)
  2. State three factors influencing folding of sedimentary rocks. (3marks)
3. Name the continent in which each of the following fold mountains is found
  - Alps (1mark) - Himalayas (1mark)
  - Andes (1mark)
  - Rockies (1mark) - Atlas (1mark)
4. Explain three negative effects of fold mountains to human activities (6marks)
1. 1. Name two types of submerged highland coasts (2 marks)
  2. Identify two resultant features of the emerged highland coasts. (2 marks)
2. State three factors influencing deposition by ocean waves. (3 marks)
3. Describe the formation of the following coastal features:
  1. Fringing reef (5 marks)
  2. Spit (5 marks)
4. Explain the significance of oceans to human activities. (8 marks)
1. List three components of soil. (3 marks)
2. Explain each of the following in relation to the classification of soil:
  1. Zonal (2 marks)
  2. Intrazonal (2 marks)
  3. Azonal (2 marks)
3. Explain three causes of soil degeneration. (6 marks)
4. 1. Students from Mathioya School visited a nearby ranch to study types of soil.
    Explain why they carried the following tools: (2 marks)
    1. Hoes -
    2. Polythene bags -
  2. Give three reasons why they would need to seek permission from relevant authorities (3marks)
  3. List three types of soil erosion they are likely to observe. (3 marks)

CONFIDENTIAL INSTRUCTIONS

Provide a map of KISUMU EAST EAST AFRICA 1:50000 (KENYA) sheet 116/2
PROVIDE A GRAPH PAPER
PROVIDE ENOUGH ANSWER BOOKLETS/FOOLSCAPS

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

The diagram below shows the internal structure of the earth.
1. Name the parts marked X and Y (2mks)
  X- Hydrosphere
  Y- Inner core
2. Give three characteristics of the part marked Y (3mks)
  - Has a radius of 1370 km
  - Has solid rocks due to pressure exerted on it by overlying crust and mantle
  - Has very hot rocks with temperatures reaching 5500° c.
  - The main minerals are iron and nickel
  - Rocks have a high density of between 16 and 17 g/cm^3. (Any first 3x1= 3mks)
1. State three conditions necessary for siting a weather station. (3 marks)
  - It should be in an open place
  - The area should be far from tall objects such as buildings, vegetation, and other structures
  - The area should be free from flooding/ relatively flat
  - The area should be secure. (Any first 3 x 1= 3 MKS)
2. Name three instruments that are placed inside the Stevenson’s Screen. (3 marks)
  - Six’s Thermometer
  - Minimum thermometer
  - Maximum thermometer
  - hygrometer (Any first 3 x 1 =3markS)
State five characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation. (5 marks)
- Some plants may have long tap roots
- Some plants are evergreen
- Some trees are deciduous
- Some trees may have thick barks
- Some plants may have spiny leaves
- Some plants have waxy leaves
- Some plants species have large fleshly bulbous roots
- Some plants may have thick stems
- Many of the plants have sweet smelling scent.
- Grasses dry off during summers and germinate during winter.
- Some plants have fleshy leaves
- Woody scrubs are common (any first 5 x 1= 5mks)
1. Differentiate between a river divide and a river catchment (2mks)
  - A river divide refers to a ridge or a highland that forms a boundary separating two drainage basins while a river catchment refers to the entire area from which a river gets its water. 1x2=2mks
2. Name three ways through which a river transport its load ( 3mks)
  - Solution
  - Suspension
  - Saltation
  - Traction (any first 3x1= 3mks)
Give four source of underground water (4mks)
- Rain water
- Melt water/melting ice
- Lake/seas/rivers/swamps
- Magmatic water/plutonic water 4x1=4mks
You are provided with a map of KISUMU EAST, EAST AFRICA 1:50,000 (KENYA) sheet 116/2.Use it to answer the following questions.
1. 1. convert the scale of the map into a statement scale (2 marks)
    50000 cm÷100,000 cm =0.5 km
    1cm represent 0.5 km (1x2= 2 marks )
  2. Identify three physical features found at grid square 9995 in the area covered by the map. (2marks)
    - River
    - River valley
    - Gentle slope
    - Scrub any first 3x1 = 3 marks
  3. Give the bearing of the air photo principal point at grid square 9584 from the south western corner of the area covered by the map. (2marks)
    014° ± 1° (1x2= 2marks)
  4. Give the magnetic variation of the area covered by the map ( 2 marks)
    2^o 32’ 1x2=2marks
2. Citing evidence from the map give five social services offered in Kisumu town (5 marks)
  - Health services evidenced by hospital
  - Education services evidenced by schools
  - Administration services evidenced by district office/ministry of works
  - Security services evidenced by police station/ police lines
  - Recreation services evidenced by stadium
  - Religious services evidenced by churches
  - Water supply services evidenced by water works
  - Rehabilitation services evidenced by a prison ( any first 5x1= 5 marks)
    NB: Evidence must be given for the candidate to score for the service
3. Describe the relief of the area covered by the map (5marks)
  - Torthere are hills in the northern side of the area covered by the map
  - There is an escarpment in the nhern/north eastern side of the area
  - There are mountain ranges/ridges in the northern side of the area
  - There are many river valleys in the area covered by the map.
  - The southern side is gently sloping
  - The highest point in the area is 1872 metRES ABOve sea level while the lowest point is about 1140metres above sea level (any first 5x 1 = 5 marks)
4. 1. On the graph paper provided, use a vertical scale of 1cm represent 50 metres to draw a cross section from point 950950 to point 020950 in the area covered by the map (4marks)
    Title 1mk
    Starting point ½ mk
    End point ½ mk
    Trend 1mk
    Labelling y-axis 1mk
  2. On it mark and label
    - Dry weather road (1mk)
    - Power transmission line (1mk)
    - Motorable track (1mk)
1. 1. Apart from metamorphic rocks, name two other categories of rocks. (2 marks)
    - Sedimentary rocks
    - Igneous rocks
  2. Describe the following processes of formation of metamorphic rocks.
    Dynamic metamorphism (4 marks)
    - Original rock is subjected to intense pressure.
    - Pressure is caused by compressional force when the crustal plates collide.
    - The great pressure alters the mineral line up in the rock/ structure.
    - The rock changes their physical appearance and characteristics forming a new rock
      Thermal metamorphism (4 marks)
    - Rocks are subjected to intense heat.
    - Heat may be due to rocks being buried at great depths/due to contact with magma.
    - The hot magma melts the minerals of the original rock, they cool and solidify to form a totally different rock/recrystallize the rock grains. New minerals may also be added into the rock by the intruding magma.
    - The new rocks change their physical appearance/chemical composition.
2. Explain three ways in which rocks are significant to human activities in Kenya. (6 marks)
  - Rocks contribute to formation of different soils that are used for agricultural activities.
  - Some rocks contain valuable minerals/substances that can be used in industries/ for fuel.
  - Some rocks provide building/construction materials.
  - Some rock outcrops attract tourists such as granitic tors in Kakamega/Kisumu.
  - Some rocks are used for carvings such as the Kisii soapstones.
  - Some rocks provide raw materials for industries example limestone.
  - Some rocks act as underground water reservoirs to provide water for irrigation / domestic use.
  - Some rocks are used for educational purposes/research.
  - Some rocks provide salt licks as a source of minerals for livestock/ people. (any first 3x2=6mks)
3. You intend to carry out a field study on the types of rocks within the school locality.
  1. Identify three items that you will carry during the study. (3 marks)
    - Hammer
    - Polythene bag/carrier bag
    - Notebook/stationery
    - Route map
    - Jembe
    - Geological map (any first 3x1=3mks)
  2. State three activities that you will be involved in during the study (3MKS)
    - Taking notes
    - Observing the rocks
    - Collecting samples
    - Asking/answering questions/interviewing
    - Drawing sketches
    - Measuring
    - Taking photographs
    - Labelling samples
    - digging out/ breaking rocks. (any first 3x1=3mks)
  3. List three types of metamorphic rocks that you are likely to identify (3mks)
    - Slate/schist
    - Quartzite
    - Graphite
    - Gneiss
    - Marble
    - Hornblende (any first 3x1= 3mk
1. 1. What is folding? (2mks)
    - This is the bending/distortion of crustal rocks due to compression forces. (1x2=2mks)
  2. Name four features formed as a result of folding (4mks)
    - Rolling plains
    - Ridge and valley landscape
    - Intermontane plateau
    - Intermontane basins
    - Fold mountains
    - Synclinal valleys/depressions (any first 4x1= 4mks)
  3. Explain how Fold Mountains are formed according to convectional current theory (3mks)
    - Convectional currents in the mantle are in circular motion
    - The currents exerts a frictional drag with the sima rock
    - This makes the crustal rocks to move horizontally which generates the compression force.
    - The compression force squeeze rock materials which bend to form fold mountains. (4x1=4 max 3mks)
2. 1. Differentiate between orogeny and orogenesis (2mks)
    - Orogeny refers to the fold mountain building period while oregenesis refers to the process of fold mountain formation ( 1x2=2mks)
  2. State three factors influencing folding of sedimentary rocks. (3mks)
    - Intensity/ strength of compressional force influences the folding of sedimentary rocks. The greater the intensity the more the sedimentary rocks fold.
    - Type of rock/flexibility or erasticity of the rock
    - The age of the sedimentary rock
    - The amount of temperature within the rocks (any first 3x1= 3mks)
3. Name the continents in which each of the following fold mountains is found
  - Alps - Europe 1mk)
  - Himalayas - Asia (1mk)
  - Andes - S. America (1mk)
  - Rockies - N .America (1mk)
  - Atlas - Africa (1mk)
4. Explain three negative effects of fold mountains to human activities (6mks)
  - The rugged nature of some fold mountains hinders settlements and agricultural activities
  - The rain shadow effect on leeward slopes of fold mountains leads to aridity which hinders farming activities
  - Some fold mountains act as barriers to transport and communication by making construction of transport and communication lines difficult and expensive.
  - Very low temperatures on high slopes of fold mountains discourage settlements
  - Cold katabatic winds that descends from some mountains to the lowlands leads to formation of frost which destroys crops
  - The process of some fold mountain formation caused valuable minerals to be buried deeper in the ground making their mining very difficult/ expensive (any first 3x2=6marks)
1. 1. Name two types of submerged highland coast (2 marks)
    - Longitudinal / Dalmatian
    - Ria
    - Fiord / Fjord ( any first 2x1=2mks)
  2. Identify two resultant features of the emerged highland coasts. (2 marks)
    - Raised geos / blow holes
    - Raised cliffs
    - Raised wave cut-platforms
    - Raised beaches
    - Raised caves
    - Raised notches
    - Raised archs / stumps / stack (any first 2x1= 2mks)
2. State three factors influencing deposition by ocean waves. (3 marks)
  - The existence of gentle sloping shore.
  - Presence of shallow water along the coastline.
  - The occurrence of a strong swash and weak backwash / constructive waves.
  - The existence of indented/irregular coastline.
  - Ample longshore drift materials to be deposited. (any first 3x1=3mks)
3. Describe the formation of the following coastal features:
  1. Fringing reef (5 marks)
    - It is formed when coral polyps start building a reef near the shore extending seawards. √
    - The rate of accumulation is faster seawards than towards the shore. √
    - The reef therefore becomes steeper seaward than towards the shore, √ enclosing a narrow and shallow lagoon. √
    - The accumulated coral materials form a fringing reef. √
  2. Spit (5 marks)
    - It forms on a shallow shore at a point where the coastline bends landward R
    - Deposition occurs as the longshore driftR is halted.
    - More materials / deposits are piled upR forming an elongated low lying ridge growing towards the seaR.
    - The elongated low lying ridge with one end attached to the coast and the other projecting into the sea is the spit.R
4. Explain the significance of oceans to human activities. (8 marks)
  - Oceans provides building materials.
  - Oceans modify the climate of the adjacent lands thus enhancing agricultural activities.
  - Oceans are used by water vessels thereby enhancing transport/ communication.
  - Oceans provide sites for recreational activities thus promoting tourism.
  - Oceans are habitats for aquatic life hence providing food/ income to humans.
  - Oceans habour minerals which are extracted for economic development.
  - Ocean waves/ tides are harnessed which generate electric power for industrial/ domestic use.
  - Oceans provide water for cooling industrial plants.
  - Oceans encourage education and research.
  - Ocean provides ideal grounds for testing military weapons. (ANY FIRST4 X 2 = 8MKS)
1. List three components of soil. (3 marks)
  - Mineral particles/inorganic matter
  - Humus /organic matter
  - Water
  - Air ( ANY FIRST 3X1=3MKS)
2. Explain each of the following in relation to the classification of soil:
  1. Zonal (2 marks)
    - These are mature soils that have undergone long time soil formation/have a well developed soil profile/mature soils.√√
  2. Intrazonal (2 marks)
    - These are soils that are formed under poor drainage conditions/ waterlogged areas.√√
  3. Azonal (2 marks)
    - These are young soils that have not been affected by soil forming processes/they do not have a well-developed soil profile/they are immature and skeletal.√√
3. Explain three causes of soil degeneration. (6 marks)
  - Poor agricultural practices such as burning of land/over cultivation/ monoculture/over cropping cause soil to be deficient in some mineral nutrients leading to loss of soil fertility.
  - Excessive/wrong application of fertilizer may affect the soil pH making it too acidic interfering with soil micro-organisms.
  - Leaching due heavy rainfall can lead to percolation of soil nutrients to the lower horizons leading to deficiency of the top soil.
  - Excessive drought leads to accumulation of salts in the top soil making it saline.
  - Soil erosion interferes with soil structure leading to loss of top fertile soil.
  - Other human activities such as quarrying/construction of roads interfere with soil structure leading soil degeneration. (ANY FIRST3X2=6MKS)
4. Students from Mathioya school visited a nearby ranch to study types of soil.
  Explain why they carried the following tools:
  1. Hoes (2 marks)
    - To enable them dig up the soil samples. 1x2= 2mks
  2. Polythene bags (2mks)
    - To help them carry soil samples. 1x2=2mks
  3. Give three reasons why they would need to seek permission from relevant authorities. 3mks
    - To be permitted to enter the ranch.
    - To enable the ranch administration to organize for a guide to take them around.
    - To be allowed by the Principal to be away from the school.
    - To alert other teachers that their learners will be away that day. (any first 3x1= 3mks)
  4. List three types of soil erosion they are likely to observe. (3 marks)
    - Splash erosion
    - Gulley erosion
    - Sheet erosion
    - Rill erosion ( ANY FIRST 3X1=3MKS)