Displaying items by tag: Class 8
Algebra - Class 8 Mathematics Revision Notes
Algebra
Worked Exercise
- What is the value of x in the equation?
2(3x – 2) = 3x + 8- 12
- 3
- 5
- 4
Working 2 (3x – 2 ) = 3x + 8
Step 1: Open brackets 6x – 4 = 3x + 8
Step 2: Collect like terms and simplify 6x – 3x = 8 + 4 3x = 12 x = 4
The correct answer is D (4)
- Francis has r shillings. John has s shillings. Ouma has sh.150 less than the total money of both Francis and John. Which one of the following expressions gives the total amount of money do the three men have?
- 2r + 2s – 150
- r + s – 150
- 2r + 2s + 300
- r + s + 300
Working
Francis = r
John = s
Ouma = r + s - 150
Total money = r + s + r + s – 150
= 2 r + 2s – 150
The correct answer is A (2r + 2s – 150)
- If x = 2, y = z - x and z = 3, What is the value of
3x – 4y + 2z
2 (x + 2y – z)- 8
- 5
- 7
- 4
Working
Substitute the values of x, y, and z
= (3x2) – (4x1) + (2x3)
2 (2+2 x 1 - 3)
= 8/2 = 4
The correct answer is D (4)
- In a meeting there were 30 women than men and three times as many men as children.If there were 1,360 people altogether. What was the number of children in the meeting?
- 220
- 190
- 600
- 570
Working Men 3x
Children x
Women 3x + 30
Total 7x + 30 = 1360
7x = 1360- 30
7x = 1330
x = 190
Children are 190
The correct answer is B (190)
- What is the value of p in the equation?
¾(8p- 4) = 4p +7- 2
- 5
- 5½
- 2 3/8
Working
¾(8p - 4) = 4p +7
6p – 3 = 4p + 7 (opening brackets)
6p – 4p = 7 + 3 (collecting like terms)
2p = 10
p = 5 (Simplifying)
The correct answer is B (5)
- Omammo is two years older than Temo and three years younger than Mbeti. The sum of their ages is 64 years. If Omamo’s age is m, which of the following equations below can be used to find Omamo’s age?
- 3m + 1 = 64
- 3m – 1 = 64
- 3m – 5 = 64
- 3m + 5 = 64
Working
Omamo = m
Temo = m- 2
Mbeti = m + 3
Total age = 64
X + m – 2 + m + 3 = 64
m + m + m – 2 + 3 = 64
3m + 1 = 64
The correct answer is A (3m + 1 ) = 64
- What is the simplified form of 5x + (8x – 2y)
- 37x – 8y
- 7x –
- 28x – 2y
- 7x – 2y
Working
5x + ¼(8x – 2y ) open brackets
5x + 2x – ½y simplify
= 7x – ½y
The correct answer is B (7x – ½y)
Geometry - Class 8 Mathematics Revision Notes
Geometry
Worked Exercise
- Find the value of x in the following.
Working
X+45+50=1800 (Angles on a straight lines are supplementary i.e. add up to 180º )
X+95=180º
X=85º
The value of x =85º - Find the sum of angle “a” and angle “b” in the figure below.
Working
Lines AB and C D are transversals are Therefore 90+b = 1800
Co-interior angles - supplementally
Therefore b=180-90
B = 90º
Angle a = 120º - (Corresponding angles)
Therefore a = 120º
Sum of a and b
=120 + 90
= 210º - Find the size of angle marked A B D in the figure below.
X+4x+x+30=180º (angles on a straight line are supplementary)
= 6x+30=180
6x=180-30
6x = 150
X = 25
Angle A B D =x + 4X
But x = 25
Therefore 25 + (4 x 25)
= 25 + 100
= 125º - Draw an equilateral triangle A B C where Line AB = 6cm.
Draw a circle touching the 3 vertices of the triangle. What is the radius of the circle?
Working
Steps:- Draw line A B = 6cm
- With A as the Centre with the same radius 6cm, mark off an arc above line A B.
- With B as the Centre with the same radius 6cm, mark off an arc above line A B to meet the arc in (II) above. Call the point of intersection point C
- Join C to A and C to B
- Bisect line A B and B C and let the bisectors meet at point X.
- With X as the Centre, draw a circle passing through points A, B and C.
- Measure the radius of the circle.
- Construct a triangle P Q R in which Q P = 6cm. Q R = 4cm and P R =8cm. Draw a circle that touches the 3 sides of the triangle, measure the radius of the circle.
Working- Draw line Q P 6cm
- With Centre Q, make an arc 4cm above line Q P.
- With Centre P, make an arc 8cm above line Q P and let the arc meet the one in (II) above. Label the point of intersection as R.
- Join R to P and R to Q.
- Bisect any two angles and let the bisectors meet at point Y.
- With Y as the Centre, draw a circle that touches the 3 sides of the triangle.
Construction
R = 3.5cm
- A rectangle measures 6cm by 2½ cm. What is the length of the diagonal?
Working
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 [ Pythagoras Theorem]
AC2 = 62 + 2 ½2
AC2 = 36 + 6.25
AC2 = 42.25
AC = √42.25
= 6.5 or 6 ½
NB: The Pythagoras theorem states
H2 =B2 +h2
h2 = H2 – b2
b2 = H2 –h2 - In the figure below, A B C is a straight line and B C D E is a quadrilateral. Angle CBD = 620 and lines EB = BD = DC. Line EB is parallel to DC.
What is the size of angle BDE?
Working
Consider triangle BCD (isosceles triangle)
Therefore base angles are equal
CBD = 62º
BCD = 62º
Therefore, BDC = 180 – 124 = 56º
Angle CDB = angle EBD [Alternate triangle]
Therefore EBD = 56º
Angle BDE =180 - 56/2
= 62º
Therefore, BDE = 62º - Find the size of the largest angle from the following triangle.
Working
4X – 10 + x – 20 + 3x + 10 = 180 [Angle sum of a triangle]
8x – 20 = 180
8x = 200
X = 25
4x – 10 = (100 – 10)º
= 90º largest angle.
Time, Speed and Temperature - Class 8 Mathematics Revision Notes
Time, Speed and Temperature
Worked Exercise
- An airplane took 4½ hours to fly from Cairo to Zambia. If it landed in Nairobi at Nairobi at 0215 h on Saturday, when did it take off from Cairo?
- Friday 2145 h
- Saturday 2245h
- Friday 2245h
- Saturday 2145 h
Working
The time the aeroplane took from midnight to 0215h of Saturday = 2h 15min
The difference (4h 30min – 2h 15min) is the time the aero plane took on Friday night.
Time on Friday night
h min
4 30
- 2 15
2 15
= 2h 15min before midnight
Time of takeoff from Cairo
h min
24 00
- 2 15
21 45 on Friday
The correct answer is A (Friday 2145 h)
- A train let Mombasa on Monday at 2125 h and took sixteen and half hours to reach
Kisauni. When did the train reach Kisumu?- Tuesday 1.55 a.m
- Tuesday 1.55 p.m
- Wednesday 1.55 p.m
- Monday 1:55 a.m
Working
Monday: from 2125h to midnight = 2400h - 2125h
= 2h 35min
Tuesday: Number of hours traveled from midnight
= 16h 30min - 2h 35 min
= 13h 55min
The train arrived at Kisumu on Tuesday at 1355h
This is the same as 1.55p.m
The correct answer is B (Tuesday 1.55pm)
- A meeting started at quarter to noon. If the meeting lasted for 2 h 35min, what time in 24-h clock system did the meeting end?
- 1320h
- 1420h
- 1310h
- 1410h
Working
The meeting started at 11.45
Add the meeting time
h min
11 45
+ 2 35
14 20
The meeting ended at 1420h
The correct answer is B (1420 h)
- A wall clock gains 3 seconds every one hour. The clock was set correct at 1pm on Tuesday. What time was it showing at 1pm on Friday on the following week?
Working
The number of days from Tuesday 1 pm to Friday 1pm the following week = 10days.
Number of hours = (24 x 10) = 240 hrs.
The clock gains 3 seconds after every hour in ten days.
240 x 3 = 720 seconds
Min = 720/60 = 12 min
Hence it will show 1 p.m. + 12 min = 1.12 pm
In 24 h clock system
= 1312h
The correct answer is B (1312h) - A cyclist traveled from Nairobi to Nyeri for 4h 30min at a speed of 80km/h. He drove back to Nairobi taking 4 hours. What is his speed, in km/h?
- 90
- 72
- 80
- 100
Working
Distance = speed x time
= 80 x 4½
= 360 km
From Nyeri - Nairobi distance = 360km
Time taken = 4hrs
Therefore speed = Distance/Time
= 90km/h
The correct answer is A (90km/hr)
- A motorist crosses a bridge at a speed of 25m/s. What is his speed in km/hr?
- 80
- 90
- 60
- 30
Working
When working out this kind of question we use a relationship,
If 10 m/s = 36 km/h
25m/s = ?
= ( x 36) km/h
= 90 km/h
The correct answer is B (90km/h)
- The distance between Mombasa and Mtito Andei is 290km. A bus left Mombasa at 1035h and traveled to Mtito Andei at a speed of 50km/h. At what time did it arrive at Mtito Andei?
- 1623h
- 1523h
- 1423h
- 1723h
Working
Time = Distance/Speed
= 290/50
= 5 4/5hours or 5h 48min
Arrival time = Departure time = Time taken + Time taken
h min
10 35
+5 48
16 23
The arrival time 1623 h
The correct answer is A (1623h)
- Kamau drove from town M to town N a distance of 150 km. He started at 9.30 am and arrived at town N at 11.00 am. He stayed in town for one hour and 50 minutes. He drove back reaching town M at 2.30pm. Calculate Kamau’s average speed for the whole journey.
- 90km/h
- 100km/h
- 60km/h
- 150 km/h
Working
Total distance from M to N and back
= 150 x 2
= 300 km
Total time taken
From 9.30 - 11.00 = 1 h 30 min
Time spent in town
= 1 h 50 min
Time taken from N to M
= 1430h – 1250h
= 1h 40min
Total time = 5 hours
Average speed = Total distance/Total time taken
=(60km/h)
The correct answer is C (60km/h)
- The temperature of an object was 20º C below the freezing point. It was warmed until there was a rise of 40º in temperature. What is the reading in the thermometer?
- 60 Cº
- 40Cº
- 20Cº
- 20Cº
Working
Below freezing point means; - 20
Rose by 40º
Therefore - 20º + 40 = 20 C
The correct answer is C (20º C)
Money - Class 8 Mathematics Revision Notes
Money
Worked Exercise
- Mutiso paid sh.330 for an item after the shopkeeper gave him a 12% discount. What was the marked price of the radio?
- sh300
- sh369.60
- sh375
- sh350
Working
Marked price = 100%
Discount = 12%
S.P = 100% - 12%
= 88%
If 88 % = 330
100% = ?
100 x 300/88 = Sh375
The correct answer is C (375)
- Olang’ borrowed sh.54000 from a bank which charged interest at the rate of 18% p.a. He repaid the whole loan after 8 months .How much did he pay back?
- sh6480
- sh60, 480
- sh14580
- sh77760
Working
I = PRT/100
= 54000 x 18 x 8/100 x 12
= sh6480
Amount = P + I
= (54,000 + 6,480) shillings
= Ksh 60, 480
The correct answer is B
- The cash price of a microwave is sh. 18000. The hire purchase price of the microwave is 20% more than the cash price. Bernice bought it on hire purchase terms by paying 40% of the hire purchase price as the deposit and the balance equal monthly installments of sh1620. How many installments did she pay?
- 12
- 10
- 9
- 8
Working
Let the cash price be 100%
Hire purchase = 100% + 20%
= 120% of the cash price
= 120/100 x 1800
= sh.21, 600
Deposit = 40% of HPP
= 40/100 x 21,600
= sh.8, 640
HPP = D + MI
I = HPP - D/MI
= 21600 – 8640/1620 - = 8 Months
The correct answer is D (8)
- Salim deposited sh25000 in a bank which paid compound interest at the rate of 10% per annum. If he withdraws all his money after years, how much interest did his money gain?
- sh5250
- sh2500
- sh1375
- sh387
Working
Interest for year 1
I = PRT/100
= 25000 x 10 x 1/100
= Sh2500
Amount = 25000 + 2500
= 27,500
Interest for 2nd year
I = PRT/100
= 27,500 x 10 x ½/100
= Sh13775
Total interest (2,500 + 1,375)
= Sh3875
The correct answer is D (Sh 3875)
- Kamaru bought bananas in groups of 20 at sh20 per group. He grouped them into smaller groups of 5 bananas each and sold them at sh10 per group. What percentage profit did he make?
- 40%
- 50%
- 60 %
- 70%
Working
For every 20 bananas = sh 25
One group produces 4 smaller groups of 5 bananas each
S. P = 4x 10
= sh40
B.P price = sh25
Profit = 40 – 25
= sh15
% profit = P/BP x 100
= 60%
The correct answer is C (60).
- A shopkeeper bought 3 trays of eggs at sh 150 per tray. On the way to the shop, he realized 20% of the eggs were broken. He sold the rest at sh 72 per dozen. How much loss did he make?
- sh450
- sh432
- sh18
- sh28
Working
B.P for 3 trays = 3 x 150
= sh450
Number of eggs = 3 x 30
= 90 eggs
20% eggs broke = 20/100 x 90
= 18 eggs broken
Therefore remained = (90 - 18) eggs
= 72 eggs
1 dozen = 12 eggs
? = 72 eggs
= 6 dozens
1 dozen = sh.72
6 dozens = ?
Loss = B.P – S.P
= 450 - 432
sh18
The correct answer is C (sh18)
- A Salesperson earns a basic salary of sh7500 per month. He is also paid a 5% commission on all sales above sh30, 000. In a certain month his total earnings were sh.14250. What was his total sales for that month?
- sh135000
- sh285000
- sh165000
- sh315000
Working
Commission = sh14250 – sh7500
= sh6750
5% = sh6750
100% = ?
= 100/5 x 6750
= Sh. 135,000
Total sales = (135,000 + 30,000)
= sh165000
The correct answer is C (sh 165,000)
- Shiku bought the following items from a shop
6kg of sugar @ sh45
½ of tea for sh90
3 kg of rice @ sh30
2kg of fat @ sh70
If she used one thousand shillings to pay for the items, what balance did she receive- sh410
- sh455
- sh590
- sh765
Working
Shiku’s Bill
Item Sh ct 6kg sugar @ sh45 270 00 ½ kg tea for sh90 90 00 3kg rice @ sh30 90
00 2kg fat @ sh70 140 00 Total 590 00
Balance = sh1000 – sh590
The correct answer is = sh410 (A)
- Maranga paid sh4, 400 for a bicycle after he was given a 12% discount. James bought the same item from a different shop and was given a 15%. How much more than James did Maranga pay for the bicycle?
- sh250
- sh300
- sh750
- sh150
Working
Maranga B.P = 100% - 12%
= 88%
4400/88 x 100 = sh5000
James B.P = 100% - 15%
= 85%
85 x 100/4400 = sh4,250
How much more? = (5000-4250) shillings
= sh750
The correct answer is C (750)
- The table below shows postal charges for sending letters;
Mass of letter Sh ct Up to 20g 25 00 Over 20g up to 50g 30 00 Over 50g up to 100g 35 00 Over 100g up to 250g 50 00 Over 250g up to 500g 85 00 Over 500g up to 1kg 135 00 Over 1kg up to 2kg 190 00
Namu posted two letters each weighing 95g and another one weighing 450g. How much did he pay at the post office?- sh120
- sh135
- sh155
- sh240
Working
Two letters
95g → Sh35.00
95g → Sh35 .00
Another 450g → Sh85.00
The correct answer is C (sh155)
Punctuation and Capitalization - Class 8 English Revision Notes
Capitalization
Capitalization is the writing of a word with its first letter as an upper case and the remaining letters in lower case. The following are the cases when capitalization is used:
- Abbreviations
Abbreviations begin with a capital letter.- Title of persons
Examples
Prof George Saitoti
Mr. Stephen Kiama - Words used as addresses
Examples:
St. (street)
Ave. (Avenue)
Note that all the above abbreviations end with a period. Miss is not an abbreviation, so it doesn’t end with a period. - Words used as business
Examples:
Co. (Company)
Corp. (Corporation) - Some abbreviations are written in all capital letters, with a letter standing for each important word.
Examples:
P.O. (Post Office)
USA (United States of America) - Initials of names of persons
Examples:
E.W. Gichimu
D.M. Weyama
- Title of persons
- Titles of books, newspapers, magazines, TV shows and movies.
Examples:
The Minister’s Daughter (book)
Tahidi High (TV show)
The Daily Nation( newspaper)
Capitalize the first and last words only. Do not capitalize little words such as a, an, the, but, as, if, and, or, nor etc - Titles of shorts stories, songs, articles, book chapters and most poems.
Examples:
Half a Day (short story)
Kigeugeu (song) - Religious names and terms
Examples:
God
Allah
Jesus
the Bible
Do not capitalize the words god and goddess when they refer to mythological deities. - Major words in geographical names
Examples:
Continents – Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia
Water bodies – the Indian Ocean, - Names of organisations and institutions
Examples:
Kianjege West Secondary School, United Nations, University of Nairobi, Nairobi Women’s Hospital
Note that here you capitalize only the important words. Do not capitalize such words such as a, in, and of. Do not capitalize such words as school, college, church and hospital when they are not used as parts of names.
Example: There will be a beauty contest at school - Months, days and holidays
Examples:
June
Tuesday
Labour Day
Do not capitalize names of seasons: autumn, summer, winter, spring - Languages, races, nationalities and religions
Examples:
Chinese
Kikuyu - The first word of every sentence
Example:
What an exciting day it was! - The pronoun I
Example:
What should I do next? - Proper Nouns
Examples:
Lang’ata Cemetery
Ann Pauline Nyaguthii Kangaita
Women’s Group
Muhigia Teachers Sacco - Proper Adjectives
Examples:
We ate at an Italian restaurant
She is a German - The first word in greetings and the closing of a letter.
Examples:
Dear Mark,
Yours sincerely, - Quotations
Examples:
Jamlick exclaimed, “This book would make a great movie!”
“Where,” asked the stranger, “is the post office?”
“It’s late,” Billy said. “Let’s go home!” - First word of each main topic and subtopic in an outline
Examples:- Parts of speech
- Nouns
- Proper nouns
- Nouns
- Parts of speech
Punctuation
Punctuation is the system of symbols that we use to separate sentences and parts of sentences, and to make their meaning clear. Each symbol is called a punctuation mark. For example (. , ! - : etc)
Punctuation marks can be grouped into:
- End marks
- The comma
- The semicolon and the colon
- The hyphen
- The apostrophe
- Quotation mark
-
End Marks
There are three kinds of end marks: the full stop (.), the question mark (?), and the exclamation mark (!). End marks show where sentences end-
The full stop (.)
A full stop is used to end a complete sentence. We use a full stop to end:- a declarative sentence- a sentence that makes a state
Example:
The highest skyscraper in Nairobi is Times Tower. - an imperative sentence – a sentence that makes a request or tells someone to do something.
Example:
Please climb the stairs carefully.
Note: An imperative sentence is followed by an exclamation mark when it expresses a
strong emotion.
Example:
Be careful! - at the end of an indirect question – one that tells what someone asked, without using the person’s exact words.
Other uses of the full stop
Full stops are also used: - after initials and after most abbreviations
Examples:
L.L. Coo J.
Mr. Sammy Njagi
11:00 A.M.
Note that some abbreviations do not require full stops:
Examples:
M (metres) FM (frequency modulation) Km kilometres) - after each number or letter that shows a division of an outline or precedes an item in a list.
Examples:
Outline List
1.Parts of speech 1. Water – borne diseases
A. Nouns 2. Air-borne disease - between numerals representing dollars, cents, before a decimal and in percentages
Examples:
$ 25.65
165.42
25.3%
- a declarative sentence- a sentence that makes a state
-
The question mark (?)
The question mark is used at the end of an interrogative sentence (a sentence that asks a question).
Examples:
When was the Times Tower built?
Who built it? -
The Exclamation mark (!)
The exclamation mark is used at the end of the exclamatory sentence and after an interjection. (An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling, emotion or emphasis. An interjection is a word or group of words that expresses strong feelings).
Examples:
Exclamatory sentence: Oh, what a tall building it is!
Interjections: Superb! Fantastic! Impressive!
An exclamation mark can also be used at the end of an imperative sentence that expresses strong feeling.
Example:
Sit! And stay in that chair if you know what’s good for you!
-
-
The Comma
There are a number of uses of the comma in English. A comma generally tells the reader where to pause. They are used:
- to separate words in a series except the last
The three or four items in a series can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases, independent clauses, or other parts of sentences.
Examples:
Nouns: John, Jim, Jack walk to school everyday.
Verbs: He located, patched, and sealed the leak in the tyre.
Adverbs: She walked quickly, steadily, and calmly.
Prepositional phrases: He walked through the park, over the bridge, and onto the streets.
Independent clauses: The match was over, the crowd cheered, and Barcelona received the first- place trophy.
Adjectives: The fresh, ripe fruit was placed in a bowl.
Note in the above examples that a comma must be used just before the conjunction. - Before the conjunction in a compound sentence
Some students were taking their lunch, but others were studying.
Marto photographed the accident scene, and he sold the pictures to the newspaper.
Example:
Would she be a lawyer, or would she be a doctor?
Note: A comma is not required in very short compound sentence in which the parts
are joined by and. However, always use a comma before the conjunctions but and or.
Examples:
Marto photographed the accident scene and Toni reported it.
Marto photographed the accident scene, but Toni reported it.
Note also: A comma is not required before the conjunction that joins the parts of a compound verb unless there are more than two parts.
Examples:
Mary entered and won the beauty contest.
That camera focuses, flashes, and rewinds automatically. - after introductory words phrases or clauses
Special elements add specific information to a sentence, but they are not essential. A comma is used to separate a special element from the rest of the sentence.
Examples:
Word: Cautiously, he entered the building
Phrase: After his failure, he disappeared from the public scene.
Clause: Because he had practised daily, he presented his new song perfectly.
Note: If the pause after a short introductory element is very brief, you may omit the comma.
Examples:
At first he was unsure of his singing ability.
Finally it was his turn.
Commas are also used after introductory words such as yes, no, oh and well when they begin a sentence.
Examples:
Well, it’s just too cold out there.
No, it isn’t seven yet.
Oh, you have spilled the milk. - with interrupters
Interrupters are words that break, or interrupt the flow of thought in a sentence. The commas are used before and after the interrupter to indicate pauses.
Examples:
I didn’t expect, however, to lose the job.
So many people, assumed, sing as well as he does.
He was chosen, nevertheless, as the new band leader. - to set off nouns of direct address
Examples:
Yes, Kamau, you can borrow my book.
Serah, do you know where I kept my phone?
How is your leg, grandpa? - to set off the spoken words in a direct sentence or quotation from the speech tag
Examples:
Jackson said, “After my injury I had to learn to walk again.”
“The therapists urged me to keep trying,” he continued.
If the speech tag interrupts the spoken words commas are used after the last word of the first part of the spoken words and after the last word in the speech tag.
Example:
“After a while,” he added, “I was walking without a cane”.
Note: When a sentence is indirect or reported, no commas are used.
Example:
He added that after a while he was walking without a cane. - when writing dates
Place a comma after the day of the month.
Examples:
July 3, 1965 December 12, 2010 - when referring to geographical location.
Place a comma between the name of the town or city and the name of the state, district, or country.
Examples:
Kibingoti, Kirinyaga County
Mombasa, Kenya - after the closing of a friendly or business letter.
Examples:
Dear Rose,
Yours sincerely,
- to separate words in a series except the last
-
The Semicolon (;) and the Colon(:)
- The semicolon (;)
The semicolon is used:- to separate the parts of a compound sentence when no conjunction is used.
Example:
Mountain climbing is exciting; it can also be dangerous.
Note that the semicolon replaces the comma and the coordinating conjunction. Conjunctions that are commonly replaced by semicolons are and, but, or, for, and nor. - before a conjunctive adverb that joins the clauses of a compound sentence (conjunctive adverbs are words like therefore, however, hence, so, then, moreover, nevertheless, yet, consequently, and besides).
Example:
The competition takes place in July; however, I prefer August. - to separate the parts of a series when commas occurs within the parts.
Example:
Last year I flew to Johannesburg, South Africa; Cairo, Egypt; and Kingston, Jamaica.
- to separate the parts of a compound sentence when no conjunction is used.
- The semicolon (;)
-
The Colon (:)
The colon is used:- to introduce a list of items
Example:
My school bag contains the following items: exercise books, text books, pencils, pens, a geometrical set, and a packet of crayons. - after the greeting of a business letter
Example:
Dear Mr. Mututho: - between numerals that represent hours and minutes and between chapter and verse in a biblical reference
Examples:
9:00 A.M.
6:00 P.M.
Exodus 2:1-3
- to introduce a list of items
-
The Hyphen (-)
The hyphen is used:- to divide a word at the end of a line of writing.
Note that only words with two or more syllables may be divided at the end of a line and words should be divided only between syllables.
Example:
When walking along the streets of Naivasha Town, he met his friend, Wainaina.
Never divide a word of one syllable and do not divide words to leave a single letter at the end or beginning of a line.
Incorrect: a-ttraction
Correct: attra-ction. - in compound adjectives that come before the nouns they modify and in certain compound nouns.
Examples:
Samuel Wanjiru was a world-famous athlete.
She is my sister-in-law. - in compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine and in fractions.
Examples:
seventy-three relatives one-quarter full
- to divide a word at the end of a line of writing.
-
The Apostrophe (’)
The apostrophe is used:- to form the possessive of a singular noun
Add an apostrophe and an s.
Examples:
the baby’s cot
James’s car - to form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in s
Add an apostrophe and an s.
Examples:
children’s
men’s - to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s – Add only the apostrophe.
Examples:
tricksters’
tenants’ - to form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun
Use an apostrophe and an s.
Examples:
everybody’s
somebody’s
nobody’s
Note: Never use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun like our, yours, hers, theirs. - in names of organisations and business,
Show possession in the last word only
Example:
the United Nations’ brochure - in hyphenated terms
Show possession in the last word only.
Example:
My mother-in-law’s photograph album - in cases of joint ownership
Show possession in the last word only.
Example:
Peter and Patrick’s Limousine - in forming contractions
In contractions, apostrophes replace omitted letters.
Examples:
she’s = she is
aren’t = are not
I’m = I am - To show that part of a date has been omitted
Examples:
The tribal clashes of ’08 (the tribal clashes of 2008)
The’82 coup attempt (the 1982 coup attempt)
- to form the possessive of a singular noun
-
Quotation Marks (“ “)
The quotation marks are used:- to enclose the spoken words in a direct sentence. Indirect sentences need no quotation marks.
Example:
Direct speech: The presidential candidate promised, “Creating new jobs for the youths will be my first priority.”
Indirect speech: The presidential candidate promised that creating new jobs would be his first priority.
Note:- Always begin a direct quotation with a capital letter.
Example:
The minister said, “You must conserve our environment.” - When the spoken words are divided by the speech tag, begin the second part of the quotation with a small letter.
Example:
“Bring me the money,” said the moneylender, “before the end of the day.”
If the second part of the quotation is a complete sentence, the first word of this sentence is capitalized.
Example:
“I am scared,” said the borrower. “That money lender is a brute.” - Place commas and fullstops inside quotation marks
Place semicolons and colons outside quotation marks.
Examples:
“Last month,” the borrower explained, “I borrowed some money from the moneylender.”
Carol said to the borrower, “And you refused to repay back on time”; however, the borrower did not agree. - Place question marks and exclamation marks inside quotation marks if they belong to the quotation. Place them outside if they do not belong to the quotation.
Examples:
Carol asked, “How much money did you borrow?”
Did the borrower say, “I can’t remember”?
“You are a fool!” exclaimed Carol. - Use single quotation marks to enclose a title or quotation within a quotation.
Example:
“Carol heard the borrower say, ‘I can’t remember’ before she lost her temper.”
If the tile or quotation within the quotation ends the sentence, use both the single and the double quotation marks after the last word of a sentence.
Example:
“Carol heard the borrower say, ‘I can’t remember.’” - In a quotation of more than one paragraph, use quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and the end of the final paragraph.
- Always begin a direct quotation with a capital letter.
- to enclose the spoken words in a direct sentence. Indirect sentences need no quotation marks.
Question Tags
A question tag or a tag question is a phrase that is added at the end of a statement to turn into a question. When a speaker uses a question tag at the end of a statement, he/she is seeking for approval, confirmation or correction.
Examples:
APPROVAL: I look smart today, don’t I? Yes you do.
CORFIRMATION: These are the new students, aren’t they? Yes they are.
CORRECTION: I paid your money yesterday, didn’t I ? No you didn’t
Many learners face a problem of supplying the correct question tags to sentences. This is because they fail to observe the following rules of question tags:
- A comma must be put to separate the statement with the question tag. A question mark must be placed at the end of the question tag.
Examples:
Rufftone has released a new album, hasn’t he?
He is pushing for a decision by tomorrow, isn’t he? - The auxiliary verb in the statement must be repeated in the question tag
Examples:
Neson Mandela was in prison for 27 years, wasn’t he?
The people of South Africa have lost a great hero, haven’t they? - When there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb Do must be used in the question tag
Examples:
Mark Francis wakes up very early, doesn’t he?
Peter Bryan bought an I-pad phone, didn’t he ? - The subject in the statement must be repeated in the question tag. If it is a noun in the statement, it changes to the appropriate pronoun. If it is a pronoun in the statement, it remains a pronoun in the question tag.
Examples:
Fatou Bensouda is prosecutor in ICC, isn’t she?
She does her work meticulously, doesn’t she? - When the statement is positive ( i.e. It does not have the word not in it), the question tag must be negative ( i.e. must use the negative word not) and visa versa.
Examples:
David Rudisha has broken another record, hasn’t he?
Cathrerine Ndereba hasn’t been very active, has she?
Douglas Wakiihuri does not run any more, does he?
Ezekiel Kemboi entertains the audience after winning, doesn’t he?
You will note form the above examples that the auxiliary verb is usually contrated (joined) with the negative indicator not when using question tags.
However, this does not apply when using primary auxiliary verb am and the modal auxiliary verbs will and shall. Am does not allow contraction with not, will and shall usually change their forms to allow contraction.
Examples:
WRONG : am the next speaker, amn’t I?
CORRECT: I am the nest speaker, am I not?
WRONG: They will be late for church, willn’t they?
CORRECT: They will be late for church, won’t they?
WRONG: We shall attend the Memorial service, willn’t we?
CORRECT: we shall attend the memorial service, shan’t we? - Whereas there is no inversion in the statement, inversion must occur in the question tag i.e. the auxiliary verb comes before the subject
Examples:
President Uhuru Kenyatta has won the case, hasn’t he?
Subject verb verb verb subject
He can now relax and attend to his duties, can’t he?
Subject verb verb subject - For sentences that are inform of requests and commands, the question tags will commonly take the auxiliary verb will or shall followed by the appropriate pronoun.
Examples:
Please help me with your pen, will you?
Let us go for a swim, shall we?
Bring me that chair, will you?
Stop that noise, will you?
Kneel down right away, will you?
Those are the rules that govern question tags and if followed well, the learners will not have any problems with question tags.
Volume, Capacity and Mass - Class 8 Mathematics Revision Notes
Volume, Capacity and Mass
Worked Exercises
- A Jerry can contains 5 litres of juice. This juice is used to fill 3 containers each of radius 7 cm and height of 10cm. How many milliliters of juice are left in the jerry can?
- 38
- 480
- 400
- 420
Working
Volume of container: = Πr2 h
=22/7 x 7 x 7 x 10
= 1540 cm3
Volume of 3 such containers
= (1540x3) cm3
= 4620 cm3
Volume of juice in jerry can = (5 x 1000)
= 5000cm3
Volume of juice left = (5000-4620) cm3
= 380 cm3
= 380 ml
The correct answer is A (380ml)
- The diagram below represents a solid whose dimensions are shown.
What is the volume in cm3?- .30000
- 300000
- 3000
- 3000000
Working
Volume = Area of the Cross-section x length
Volume of the top = (20 x 10 x 150)
= 30,000cm3
Volume of the bottom = 60 x 30 x150
= 270,000cm3
Whole solid = top + bottom
= 30,000 + 270,000
= 300,000cm3
The correct answer is B (300 000)
- In the month of October, a farmer delivered 48750kg of maize to a miller. In November the amount of maize delivered was 1850kg more than that of October. The amount delivered in December was 2450kg less than that of November. What was the total mass, in tonnes, was delivered by the farmer in the 3 months?
- 145.65
- 147.5
- 152.4
- 150.55
Working
October = 48750 kg
November = (48750+1850) kg
= 50,600 kg
December = 50,600-2,450) kg
= 48,150 kg
Total mass = 48750+50600 +48150
= (147500/1000) tonnes
= 147.5 tonnes.
The correct answer is B (147.5)
- A rectangular tank measures 1.2m by 80cm by 50cm. water is poured into the tank to a height of 15cm. How many more liters of water are needed to fill the tank?
- 144
- 14.4
- 33.6
- 336
Working
Capacity of the tank = 120 x 80 x 50
= 480,000cm3
Convert to litres = 480,000/1000
= 480litres
Volume of the water poured = 120 x 80 x 50
= 144000cm3
Convert to litres = 144000/1000
= 144 litres
Volume of water needed = 480 – 144 = 366litres.
The correct answer is D (366)
- The diagram below represents a solid triangular prism.
What is the volume in cm3?- 2400
- 2000
- 5200
- 576
Working
Apply Pythagorean relation in triangle ABC
BC =√262 -102
=√576
= 24cm
Volume = Area of the Cross section x length
= ½ x 24 x 10x 20
= 2400cm3
The correct answer is A (2400cm3)
- A cylindrical tank has a radius of 2m and a height of 1.5m. The tank was filled with water to a depth of 0.5M. What is the volume of water in the tank, in litres? (П = 3.14)
- 6280
- 628
- 9240
- 18840
Working
Volume = П r 2h
= 3.14 x 2 x 2 x 0.5
= 6.28 m3
In litres = (6.28 x1000) litres
= 6280 litres
The correct answer A (6280)
- When processed, 7kg of coffee beans produce 1kg of processed coffee. Processed coffee is then packed in 50kg bags. A farmer delivered 5.6 tonnes of coffee berries in one month. How many bags were obtained?
- 12
- 16
- 40
- 20
Working
Mass of coffee berries = 5.6tonnes
= 5.6x1000
= 5600kg
Mass obtained = 5600/7
= 800kg
Number of bags = 800 ÷ 50
= 16 bags
The correct answer is B (16)
- A rectangular container whose base measures 40cm by 60cm has 30 liters of water when full. Find the height of the container in cm.
- 0125
- 1.25
- 12.5
- 125
Working
V = base area x height
Height = volume/base area
Volume = 30 litres
= 30x1000
= 30,000cm3
Height = 30,000/2400
= 12.5cm
The correct answer is C (12.5)
- A shopkeeper had 43 litres sand 5 litres and 5 dl of paraffin. He packed all the paraffin in 7.5 dl-containers. How many containers did he fill?
- 58
- 5.8
- 6
- 60
Working
Convert decilitres into litres
1 dl =1/10 litres
5 dl =5/10 litres
7.5 dl =7.5/10 litres = 0.75 litres
Hence 43 litres 5dl = 43.5 litres
No of containers = 43.5/0.75 = 58 containers
The correct answer is 58 (A)
- The figure below shows a cylindrical solid of diameter 28cm and length 20 cm. A square hole of side 1.5 cm has been removed. What is the volume of the material in the solid, in 3cm3?
- 12320
- 4500
- 8400
- 7820
Working
Volume of solid = volume of a cylinder - volume of the square hole
= ( x 14 x 14x 20) - (15 x 15 x 20)
= 12320 - 4500
= 7,820 cm3
The correct answer is D (7,820cm3)
Measurements - Class 8 Mathematics Revision Notes
Length, Perimeter and Area
Worked Exercise
- Tracy used a piece of wire m long to support tomato plants in the garden. The wire was cut into pieces of 28cm long. How many complete pieces were obtained?
- 85
- 30
- 20
- 30.10
Working
1 M = 100cm
8½m = ?
8½ x 100 = 850cm
1 piece = 28 cm
? = 850cm
= 850/28
= 30 complete pieces remainder 10cm
- The figure below represents a flower garden
What is the perimeter of the garden?- 25m
- 38.5m
- 11m
- 44m
Working
P = ¼П d + r + r
= ( ¼ x 22/7 x 14) + (7+7)
= 11 + 14
= 25 m
The correct answer is A (25)
- The parallel sides of a trapezium measure 10cm by 18cm respectively. If the distance between the parallel sides is 8cm, what is the area of the trapezium in cm²?
- 224
- 112
- 108
- 84
Working
Area of a trapezium = ½h (a + b)
= ½ x 8 x (10+18)
= ½ x 8 x 28
= 112cm²
- The figure below shows vegetable garden.
What is the perimeter?- 0.526m
- 5.26m
- 52.6m
- 526m
Working
Perimeter of semi-circle
= ½П d(Circumference only)
=½ x 2 x 22/7 x 7
= 22m
To get DC = √ 25 – √ 16
= √ 9
= 3m
Length DE = AB – ED
= 12.8 – 7
= 5.8m
Total length 12.8+ 5 + 3 + 5.8 + 22 + 4
= 52.6 m
The correct answer is (52.6)
- What is the perimeter of the following shape?
- 88cm
- 44cm
- 176cm
- 56cm
Working
P = circumference of a circle of radius 7cm
= 2Π r
= 2 x 22/7 x 7
= (44 cm)
- The figure below shows a right angled triangle LMN in which LM = 7.5cm and LN = 19.5cm
What is the area of the triangle in cm²?- 18
- 67.5
- 27
- 34.5
Working
Apply Pythagoras relation in triangle LMN
LN² = LM² + NM²
Nm² = LN² – LN²
= 19.5² – 7.5²
= 380.25 – 56.25
= 324
NM = √ 324
= 18 cm
Area of triangle LMN
= Base x height
= ½ X 18 X 7.5
= 67.5cm²
The correct answer is B (67.5cm²)
- The area of a right-angled triangle is 84cm². If the height of the triangle is 7cm, what is the length of the longest side?
- 25cm
- 24cm
- 19cm
- 12cm
Working
The Pythagoras relationship states that
H² = b² + h²
But Area = ½bh
84 =½ x b x 7
84 x 2 = 7b
24 = b
H² = 24² + 7²
H² = 576 + 49
H² = 625
H = 25
Therefore the correct answer is 25cm (A)
- What is the surface area of an open cylinder whose radius is 6.3cm and height of 25cm.
- 114.74cm²
- 1239.48cm²
- 3118.50cm²
- 619cm²
Working
Total surface area = Πr2+Πdh
= ( 22/7x 6.3 x 6.3) + 2 x 22/7 x 6.3 x 25
= 124.74 + 990
= 1114.74 cm²
The correct answer is 1114.74 cm² (A)
- A Welder made a door with a design as shown below.
What is its area? (Take Π =22/7 )- 15.12m²
- 12.04m²
- 13.36m²
- 21.28m²
Working
Area of the semi- circle = ½Π r²
= ½ x 22/7 x 1.4 x 1.4
= 3.08m²
Area of the rectangle = L x w
= 3.2 x 2.8
= 8.96 m²
Total area = (3.08 + 8.96 )m²
= 12.04 m²
The correct answer is B (12.04m²)
- The diagram below represents a plot with a diameter of 28 meters.
The plot was fenced by erecting posts 4m apart. How many posts were used ? (Π = 22/7)- 12
- 17
- 18
- 19
Working
Perimeter =½ П d + d
= (½ x 22/7 x 28 + 28)
= 72
No of posts = Perimeter/Interval
=72/4
= 18 posts
The correct answer is C (18)
Sentence Structures - Class 8 English Revision Notes
- Subjects and Objects
- Complements
- Direct and Indirect Objects
- Preparatory It and There
- Phrases and Clauses
- Sentence Types
- Direct and Indirect Speech
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A complete thought is clear. A sentence always begins with a capital letter. It ends with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).
Examples:
- Ted sent me a letter.
- Jane slept soundly.
Subjects and Objects
Subjects and Predicates
The two fundamental parts of every English sentence are the subject and the predicate. A subject can be described as the component that performs the action described by the predicate. It tells who or what does or did the action. It may also name the topic.
The predicate tells about the subject. It tells what the subject does or is.
Examples:
Subject Predicate
(Who or what) (What is said about the subject)
The antelope jumped over the high fence.
Pigs eat anything is sight when hungry.
In a sentence, a few key words are more important than the rest. These key words make the basic framework of the sentence. The verb and its subject are the key words that form the basic framework of every sentence. The rest of the sentence is built around them.
Examples:
Sentence Key words
The young kids jumped playfully. kids, jumped
Their faces shone brightly. faces, shone
To find out the subject, ask who or what before the verb.
Examples:
- Who jumped playfully? – kids
- What shone brightly? – faces
To find out the verb, ask what after the subject.
Examples:
- The young kids did what? – jumped
- Their faces did what? – shone
The key word in the subject of a sentence is called the simple subject. For example, kids, faces. The complete subject is the simple subject plus any words that modify or describe it. For example, The young kids, Their faces.
The key word in the predicate is called the simple predicate. For example, jumped, shone. The complete predicate is the verb plus any words that modify or complete the verb’s meaning. For example, jumped playfully, shone brightly.
The simple subjects and predicates may sometimes be more than one word. For simple subjects, it may be the name of a person or a place.
Examples:
- Barrack Obama won the US presidential race.
- South Africa is the home of many bats.
The simple predicate may also be more than one word. There may be a main verb and
a helping verb.
- Tanya has acted in many TV shows.
- She will be performing again tonight.
Objects
An object in a sentence is a word or words that complete the meaning of a sentence. It is involved in the action but does not carry it out. The object is the person or thing affected by the action described in the verb. It is always a noun or a pronoun and it always comes after the verb.
Example:
- The man climbed a tree.
Some verbs complete the meaning of sentences without the help of other words. The action that they describe is complete.
Examples:
- It rained.
- The temperature rose.
Some other verbs do not express a complete meaning by themselves. They need to combine with other words to complete the meaning of a sentence.
Examples:
- Christine saw the snake.
- Rose wears goggles.
- He opened the door.
In the above examples, the snake, goggles and the door are the objects as they are the things being affected by the verbs in the sentences.
Complements
Some sentences do not take objects or adverbs (or adverbial phrases) after the verbs. Instead, they take complements. A complement is the part of the sentence that gives more information about the subject (subject complement) or about the object (object complement) of the sentence.
Subject Complements
Subject complements normally follow certain verbs like be, seem, look, etc.
Examples:
- He is British. (British gives more information about he)
- She became a nurse. (nurse gives more information about she)
Object Complements
Object complements follow the direct objects of the verb and give more information
about those direct objects.
Examples:
- They painted the house red. (red is a complement giving more information about the direct object house)
- She called him an idiot. (an idiot is a complement giving more information about the direct
object he).
The complement often consists of an adjective (e.g. red) or a noun phrase (e.g. an idiot) but can also be a participle phrase.
Example:
I saw her standing there. (standing there is a complement telling more about her).
Direct and Indirect Objects
Objects come in two types, direct and indirect:
Direct Objects
The direct object is the word that receives the action of a verb.
Examples:
- Christine saw a snake. ( a snake receives the action of saw)
- Rose wears goggles. (goggles receives the action of wears)
Sometimes the direct object tells the result of an action.
Examples:
- Tecla won the race.
- She received a trophy.
To find the direct object first find the verb. Then ask whom or what after the verb.
Examples:
- Christine saw a snake.
Verb: saw
Saw what? a snake - Rose ears goggles
verb: wears
wears what? goggles - Tecla won the race
Verb: won
Won what? the race - She received a trophy
verb: received
received what? a trophy
Remember, we said earlier that a verb that has a direct object is called a transitive verb and a verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. We also said that a verb may be intransitive in one sentence and transitive in another. Other verbs are strictly intransitive like disagree.
Indirect Objects
The indirect object refers to a person or thing who receives the direct object. They tell us for whom or to whom something is done. Others tell to what or for what something is done.
Examples:
I gave him the book.
He is the indirect object as he is the beneficiary of the book.
Direct object or adverb?
Direct objects are sometimes confused with adverbs. The direct object tells what or whom as we have seen earlier. Adverbs on the other hand tell how, where, when or to what extent. They modify the verbs.
Examples:
Brian Swam slowly. (slowly is an adverb telling how)
Brian Swam a tough race. (race is a direct object telling what).
Verbs can also be followed by a phrase that tells how, when, or where. This kind of a phrase is never a direct object but an adverbial phrase.
Example:
Brian swam across the pool. (a cross the pool tells where Brian Swam).
Therefore, to decide whether a word or a phrase is a direct object or adverb, decide first what it tells about the verb. If it tells how, where, when or to what extent, it is an adverb. If it tells what or whom, it is a direct object
Preparatory It and There
The preparatory It is used to show opinion or condition (especially concerning time, distance, and weather). The preparatory It acts as a dummy subject and is usually followed by the verb be (or a modal + be). The logical subject in sentences beginning with It is often a to-infinitive phrase or a noun clause.
- It is nice to meet you.
- It would be fun to live on a sailboat.
- It is important that we not litter in the park.
- It is 3:30 p.m. right now.
- It never snows in July around here.
- It is believed that he will arrive next week.
The preparatory There often begins sentences that show location or existence, especially when the existence of something or someone is mentioned for the first time. It is usually followed by the verb be (or a modal + be).
- Look! There’s a bear.
- There’s a shooting star in the sky.
- There will be a party on Saturday.
- There is a mosquito in my bedroom.
- There was a new girl at school today.
Phrases and Clauses
Phrases are groups of related words that can include either a subject or a tensed verb.
Prepositional phrases have a preposition and an object of the preposition.
- There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen.
- The dog barked at the stranger.
Gerund phrases have a gerund and can function the same way as a noun. They often appear as the object of a preposition.
- Thank you for coming to my house.
- Walking alone late at night is dangerous.
Infinitive phrases have an infinitive and can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
- Lisa is going to university to study economics.
- To see the Eiffel Tower is a dream of mine.
Participial phrases have a participle and function as an adjective. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.
- Having seen the play three times, she didn’t want to see it again.
- Janice, not used to ice skates, fell down and hurt her knee.
Clauses are groups of related words that include both a subject and a tensed verb
Independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence. Two independent clauses are often connected with a coordinating conjunction.
- Maria is afraid of animals, so she doesn’t go near them.
- We are going swimming, but they are going shopping.
Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence. They need an independent clause to form a complete sentence. When a dependent clause begins a sentence, a comma is used to separate it from the independent clause.
- We are going swimming since it is so hot outside.
- Since it is so hot outside, we are going swimming.
Sentence Types
Simple sentences have just one independent clause.
- We celebrated Grandpa’s eightieth birthday yesterday.
- Amy loves peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.
Compound sentences have more than one independent clause.
- He finished all of his homework, but he forgot to bring it to school.
- Sue was late for swimming practice, and she left her goggles at home.
Complex sentences have one independent and one dependent clause.
- She didn’t eat because she wasn’t hungry.
- Although he sprained his ankle, he finished the race.
Compound-complex sentences have more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Before the plane took off, Sarah called her dad to say good-bye, but he didn’t answer the phone.
I like this class; though early in the morning, it’s very interesting.
Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
Direct speech is used to give a speaker’s exact words. It is also referred to as direct quotation.
Direct speech is always enclosed within quotation marks.
Examples:
- Hemedi announced, “My aunt works in a biscuit factory ”
- “Creating jobs will be my first priority” the governor said.
A comma always separates the quoted words from the speaker’s name, whether the name comes before or after the quotation
Examples:
- Jim asked “Who are you voting fir?”
- “I don’t know yet” answered Carol.
A direct quotation always begins with a capital letter
Example:
- Senator Karabba said, “You must believe in the new constitution”.
When a direct quotation is divided by speech tags, the second part of the quotation must begin with a small letter.
Example:
- “Register to vote,” said the senator, ‘before the end of the day”.
If the second part of the quotation is a complete sentence, the forst kword of this sentence is capitalized.
Example:
- “I did register,” said Carol. “It took only a few minutes”
Commas and full stops are placed inside quotation marks
Example:
- “Last night,” said Joyce,” I listened to a debate”
Quotation marks and exclamation marks are placed inside a quotation mark if they belong to the quotation. If they do not, they are placed outside the quotation.
Examples:
- Joyce asked, “Whom are you voting for?
- Did Carol say, “I don’t know yet’?
- I can’t believe that she said, “I don’t know yet’!
Speech tags may appear before, in the middle or at the direct speech.
Examples:
- He said, “You know quite well that you have to vote”
- “You know quite well, he said, “that you have to vote”.
- “You know quite well that you have to vote,” he said.
Indirect Speech
Indirect speech is used to refer to a person’s words without quoting him or her exactly. It is also referred to as indirect quotation or reported speech. The original spoken words are not repeated.
The exact meaning is given without repeating the speaker’s words.
Example:
Direct speech: The governor said, “Creating new jobs will be my first priority”
Indirect speech: The governor said that creating new jobs would be his first priority.
Several changes do occur when changing a sentence from direct to indirect speech
- Quotation marks
Quotation marks are left out when writing a sentence in direct speech.
Example:
Direct: Hemedi announced, “My aunt works in a biscuit factory”
Indirect: Hemedi announced that his aunt worked in a biscuit factory. - Tense - The tense of a verb in the direct sentence will change in indirect speech
Examples:- Simple present changes to past simple
Direct: John said, “She goes to school early”
Indirect: John said that she went to school early. - Simple past changes to past perfect
Direct: John said, “She went to school early”
Indirect: John said that she had gone to school early. - Present progressive changes to past progressive
Direct: “The baby is eating a banana,” the nurse said.
Indirect: The nurse said that the baby was eating a banana. - Present perfect changes to past perfect
Direct: “South Sudan has become a republic,” the new president declared.
Indirect: The new president declared that South Sudan had become a republic - Past progressive changes to past perfect progressive
Direct: “ I was dreaming when the fire started,” the boy said.
Indirect: The boy said the he had been dreaming when the fire started. - Future simple changes to modal
Direct: “I will visit you tomorrow,” my desk mate said.
Indirect: My desk mate said the he would visit me the following day. - May changes to might
Direct: : I may also visit you too,” I replied.
Indirect: I replied that I might also visit him too.
- Simple present changes to past simple
Sometimes the verb in indirect speech does not change tense. This occurs in sentences that are universal truths
Direct: Our Geography teacher said “The earth rotates round the sun”
Indirect: Our Geography teacher said that the earth rotates round the sun
Words referring to place also change
Examples:
Direct: “I live here,” retorted the old man.
Indirect: The old man retorted that he lived there
Direct: “This place stinks,” noted the boy.
Indirect: The boy noted that that place stunk.
Words referring to time also change
Examples:
Direct: “I will visit you tomorrow,” he shouted.
Indirect: He shouted that he would visit me the following/next day
Direct : “ He died last year,” the policeman reported.
Indirect: The policeman reported that he had dies the previous year/ the year before.
Demonstrative pronouns also change:
Examples:
Direct: “This book is mine,” Jane claimed.
Indirect: Jane claimed that that book was hers.
Direct: “These are hard times,” observed the president.
Indirect: The president observed that those were hard times.
Pronouns also change when rewriting a sentence from direct to indirect speech.
Examples:
Direct: “My car is better than yours,” the teacher bragged.
Indirect: The teacher bragged that his/her car was better that his/hers/theirs.
Numbers - Class 8 Mathematics Revision Notes
In this section you will need the following hints to solve the exercises:
- Place value of whole numbers
- Total value of whole numbers
- Multiplication of whole numbers/tables
- BODMAS
- LCM and GCD
Worked Exercise
- What is four million seventy thousand and five hundred and thirty three?
- 4,070,353
- 4,070,533
- 4,007,533
- 4,700,533
Working
Using the place value table, the question can be solved as follows:
MillionsHundred
ThousandsTen
thousands
Thousands
Hundreds
tens
Ones4 0 7 0 5 3 3
- What is the square root of 7 9/16
- 7 ¾
- 2 ¾
- 1 3/8
- 21/16
Working
Step 1: Change the mixed fraction to improper Find the square root of both numerator and denominator.
Step 2: Find the square root of both numerator and denominator
= √121
√16
=11/4
Step 3: Change the improper fraction to mixed fraction
= 2¾
The correct answer is B
- What is 25% as a fraction?
- 1/5
- ¾
- ½
- ¼
Working
Step1: Express the percentage with 100 as a denominator.
=25/100
Step 2: Simplify
=¼ correct answer is D
- What is the value of of 1/3 of(½ + 1/9) ÷1/6
- 11/324
- 1/99
- 12/9
- 4/11
Working
Step1: Using the order of operation, BODMAS, solve the brackets first.
1/2 + 1/9 = 11/18
Step 2: Open brackets and calculate ‘of ‘
=1/3 of (11/18) ÷ 1/6
=1/3 x (11/18) ÷ 1/6
=11/54 ÷ 1/6
Step3: Calculate the division part
=11/54 ÷ 1/6
=11/54 x 6/1(multiply by the reciprocal of 1/6)
=11/9
Step 4: Change the improper fraction to mixed fraction.
= 1 2/9
The correct answer is C.
- The price of radio is Sh1800. The price was reduced by 15% during an auction. How much is the price after the reduction?
- Sh270
- Sh2070
- sh1530
- sh1785
Working
Marked price = Sh1800
Percentage decrease = 15%
New price
85% of Sh1800 (100% - 15%)
= 85 x 1800/100
= Sh1, 530
The correct answer is Sh 1530 (C)
- In a certain year a tea factory produced 2500 tonnes of tea leaves. The following year the tonnes increased to 4000. What is the percentage increase?
- 160%
- 62½ %
- 60%
- 37½ %
Working
First year = 2500 tonnes
Second year = 4000 tonnes
Increase = 1500 tonnes (4000-2500)
% Increase = Increase x 100/Original
= 60%
The correct answer is C (60%)
- What is the next number in the sequence below.
6, 10, 19, 35, ….. - 60
- 84
- 71
- 51
Working
The next difference is 5² = 25
The next number is 35 + 25 = 60
The correct answer is A (60)
Conjunctions - Class 8 English Revision Notes
A conjunction is a word that connects words or groups of words. Like prepositions, conjunctions show a relationship between the words they connect. But, unlike prepositions, conjunctions do not have objects.
There are 3 main categories of conjunctions;
- Coordinating conjunctions
- Subordinating conjunctions
- Correlative conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect related words, groups of words, or sentences. There are three coordinating conjunctions: and, but and or. And is used to join words, groups of words, or sentences together. But shows contrast while or shows choice.
Examples:
- The bull and the cart are inseparable. (connects two subjects).
- The cart carries the farmer and his tools. (connects two direct objects).
- The food was hard and tasteless. (connects two predicate adjectives).
- Each night, the dancers danced in a circle or in several other patterns. (connects two prepositional phrases).
- Some people died in the fracas, but most managed to escape, alive. (connects two sentences).
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions connect two or more clauses to form complex sentences. Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses. They include because, since, if, as, whether, and for.
Examples:
- If I go home, my dog will follow me.
The subordinating conjunction if connects the subordinate clause I go home with the main clause my dog will follow me. - The stayed inside the church because it was raining.
- He was always rude since he was a child.
- The rain fell as they entered the building.
- The pastor asked the congregation whether they were happy.
- The man rejoiced for he had won a prize.
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that are used in pairs to connect sentence parts. These include either ….. or, neither ….. nor, not only……. but also, whether ……. or and both …… and.
Examples:
- Both boys and girls attended the conference.
- People brought not only food but also clothes for the victims of the floods.
- The students ride either on bicycles or motorbikes.
- The sailor had to decide whether to sail on or head back when the weather changed.
- Neither John nor James was moved by the shocking news.