Study the map of Katana area and answer questions 1 - 7.

1. The land in Katana area slopes from
   
   1. south west to north east
   2. north east to south west
   3. north to south west
   4. south east to north east.
2. Which type of soil is likely to be found near the saw mill?
   
   1. Sand soil
   2. Black cotton soil 
   3. Red volcanic soil 
   4. Loam soil.
3. The highest point in Katana area is likely to be found near
   1.  the cattle dip 
   2. the quarry 
   3. Tula Market 
   4. the saw mill.
4. What is the approximate area of the cattle ranch?
   
   1. 15km 
   2. 20km 
   3. 10km 
   4. 18km
5. Which economic activity is not carried out in Katana area?
   
   1. Crop farming 
   2. Transport 
   3. Trade 
   4. Fishing
6. Katana Town has grown to its present size mainly because of
   
   1. security 
   2. education service
   3. county office 
   4. transport network.
7. The main reason that has influenced the location of the sawmill is
   1. presence of a river 
   2. presence of transport 
   3. nearness to the forest
   4. availability of labour.
8. The original homeland of the River-lake Nilotes was
   1. the Congo Basin
   2. the horn of Africa 
   3. Bahr-el-Ghazal 
   4. Arabian Peninsula.
9. Which one of the following titles used in the kingdom of Swaziland is correctly matched with its officer?
   1. Ngwenyama - king 
   2. Ndlovukhazi - family council
   3. Sikhulu - prince's mother
   4. Lusendvo - chief
10. Which one of the following statements is true about pastoral farming among the Maasai?
    1. they grow fodder crops for their animals
    2. they mainly keep their animals in ranches 
    3. they migrate with their animals in search of pasture and water
    4. they willingly sell their animals to earn income.
11. Below are duties of a school administration.
    1. Takes care of all facilities bought by the school 
    2. Receives all school funds and keep records of expendiure
    3. Writes minutes during school management committee meetings.
       The duties described above are performed
       1. the deputy headteacher 
       2. the headteacher
       3. the chairperson of the school committee
       4. the school senior teacher.

Use the diagram below to answer questions 12 and 13.

12. The winds marked R are
    
    1. south west monsoon winds
    2. harmattan winds
    3. westerlies
    4. south east monsoon winds.
13. The reason why the coastal region near Accra receives less rainfall than Axim is because
    
    1. Accra is at a low altitude 
    2. winds blow parallel to the coast of Accra 
    3. Accra receives cool and dry winds
    4. Axim is near large water bodies.
14. Which one of the following communities was ruled by a chief during the pre-colonial period?
    
    1. Ameru
    2. Abawanga 
    3. Maasai 
    4. Khoikhoi
15. A Japanese contractor wants to apply for Kenya citizenship. The best advice you can give him is to
    1. marry a Kenyan woman and then apply for citizenship
    2. purchase a property in Kenya and then apply for a citizenship
    3. continue living in Kenya continously for seven years
    4. apply for citizenship immediately he turns 28 years.
16. In traditional African societies, the appearance of new moon was associated with
    1. the coming of good seasons 
    2. the coming of good harvests
    3. the coming of a dry season 
    4. the coming of rains.
17. Below are facts about an early visitor to East Africa.
    1. He was the first European to travel to mEast Africa 
    2. He found a shorter route to India 
    3. Defeated the sultan Ibrahim of Kilwa and forced him to pay taxes
       The early visitor described above is
       1. Dr. David Livingstone
       2. Sir William Mackinon
       3. Vasco Da Gama
       4. John Speke.
18. Which one of the following dams in Africa is correctly matched with the river where it is located?
    

    Dam	River
    A. Aswan	R. Volta
    B. Kariba	R. Zambezi
    C. Akosombo	R. NIle
    D. Masinga	R. Niger

19. Deserts in Africa experience very low temperature at night. This is because
    1. the sun does not shine at night 
    2. a mass of cool air blows to the deserts at night
    3. the clear skies lead to heat loss at night
    4. the sun is always overhead within the deserts.
20. Below are achievements of a certain leader in Africa.
    1. Was a founder member of OAU 
    2. Resisted Italian invasion 
    3. France helped him to modernise his army. The leader described above is
       1. Haile Selassie 
       2. Nelson Mandela
       3. Gama Abdel Nasser 
       4. Julius Nyerere.

Study the diagram below and answer questions 21 and 22.

21. Which one of the following statements is true about the population pyramid shown above?
    
    1. Most of the population is below 15years.
    2. People over 40 years age are few.
    3. Young people are fewer than those above 35 years.
    4. Death rate among children is high.
22. The population pyramid shown above represents one of the following countries. Which one is it?
    1. Germany
    2. Kenya
    3. India
    4. Tanzania
23. Which one of the following statements is true about the geographical position of Africa?
    1. It lies to the south of Europe 
    2. It lies to the East of the Indian Ocean
    3. It is found to the west of the Mediterranean sea
    4.  It borders Pacific Ocean.
24. The main role of the consitution of Kenya is that it
    1. ensures development projects are undertaken by the government.
    2. gives the president powers to dissolve parliament.
    3. contains the records of the laws and rules of our country.
    4. contains policies of the ruling party.
25. The most widespread means of communication in rural areas is
    1. newspaper 
    2. television
    3. internet 
    4. radio.
26. The main problem facing road transport in Eastern Africa is
    1. employment of unqualified drivers 
    2. unstable fuel prices
    3. narrow roads with sharp bends
    4. lack of money to construct better roads.
27. Which one of the following was the title given to ruler of Nyamwezi chiefdom in the 19th century?
    1. Ntemi
    2. Kabaka 
    3. Chief Mkwawa
    4. Minule
28. Which one of the following minerals is used in making metal pipes and tubes?
    1. Copper
    2. Petroleum
    3. Flouspar
    4. Gold
29. Who among the following traditional African leaders collaborated with the British during establishment of colonial rule?
    1. Samore Toure
    2. Mekatilili
    3. Lewanika
    4. Kabaka Mwanza
30. In Kenya, laws to protect county interests are made by
    1. national assembly
    2. senate
    3. cabinet
    4. attorney general.
31. Which one of the following countries in Africa is correctly matched with its capital city?
    1. Cameroon - Luanda 
    2. Zimbambwe - Harare
    3. Angola - Libreville
    4. Gabon - Yaonde
32. Which one of the following is the main effect  of destruction of natural forests on the slopes of Mau region?
    1. Shortage of herbal medicine 
    2. Death of wild animals
    3. Shortage of wood fuel
    4. Reduced volume of water in lakes.
33. The main problem limiting trade among members of ECOWAS is
    1. they use different national languages 
    2. they have poor transport links 
    3. they use different currencies 
    4. they produce similar goods.
34. The method that was used by the Belgians to administer Congo was
    1. Assimilation
    2. association
    3. direct rule
    4. indirect rule.
35. The best way to control rill erosion is by
    1. building gabions
    2. planting cover crops 
    3. crop rotation
    4. mulching.

Study the map of Africa below and answer questions 36-39

36. The lake marked R was formed through
    
    1. erosion 
    2. faulting 
    3. downwarping
    4. deposition
37. The community that migrated to Eastern
    Africa using the route P was
    1. Arabs
    2. Khoisan
    3. Ngoni
    4. Pokomo
38. Which one of the following factors does not influence climate of the area marked S?
    1. Shape of the land
    2. Ocean currents
    3. Winds
    4. Latitude
39. The vegetation in the region marked Q comprises of
    1. sweet smelling shrubs 
    2. trees with large trunks 
    3. tall elephant grass 
    4. plants with thorny leaves.
40. Which one of the following pre-historic sites is found in Sudan?
    1. Amara
    2. Lalibela 
    3. Koobofora 
    4. Nsongezi
41. The first African to be nominated to LEGCO in 1944 was
    1. James Gichuru
    2. Harry Thukie
    3. B.A Ohanga
    4. Eliud Mathu.
42. Which one of the following is a way of promoting peace in the society?
    1. Punishing law breakers
    2. Forming women groups
    3. Encouraging forgiveness
    4. Inviting consultants into the country.
43. The followimg are conditions favouring growth of a certain crop. 
    1. Temperature 21°C -26°C 
    2. Rainfall of more than 1200mm i
    3. Protection from strong winds
       The crop described above is
       1. tea
       2. coffee
       3. bananas
       4. sisal.
44. The best way to stop drug abuse in schools is by
    1. fencing the school compound 
    2. punishing drug users
    3. arresting drug dealers
    4. creating awareness on dangers of drugs.
45. Civil marriages in Kenya are presided over by
    1. clan elders
    2. magistrate
    3. religious leaders
    4. members of parliament.
46. Which of the following language groups consists of Cushitic speakers only?
    1. Maasai, Jemps, Rendille 
    2. Borana, Galla, Sanye
    3. Kipsigis, Sabaot, Gabbra 
    4. Burji, Somali, Turgen.
47. The people of Zimbambwe achieved their independence mainly by
    1. using political parties 
    2. peaceful negotiations
    3. armed struggle 
    4. organizing boycotts and strikes.
48. Which one of the following is a modern method of preserving fish in Kenya?
    1. Salting 
    2. Smoking
    3. Canning
    4. Sun drying.
49. The minimum age requirement for a person wishing to be a member of the national assembly is
    1. 18 years
    2. 21 years 
    3. 35 years
    4. 30 years.
50. Which one of the following is a way of managing rapid population growth?
    1. Increasing food production 
    2. Providing family planning services
    3. encouraging immigration
    4. giving child allowances.
51. Which one of the following is an effect of rotation of the earth?
    1. Causes equinoxes 
    2. Causes seasons 
    3. Causes changes in the position of the midday sun
    4. Causes day and night.
52. Which one of the following groups of rivers drains to the Antlantic Ocean?
    1. Cunene, Lempopo, Zambezi 
    2. Senegal, Cunene, Orange 
    3. Orange, Shibelli, Niger 
    4. Zambezi, Limpopo, Ruruma
53. The main way in which people interact today is through
    1. games and sports
    2. education 
    3. trade
    4. social media.
54. The main objective of the formation of OAU was to
    1. bring greater unity among African countries 
    2. eliminate all forms of colonialism 
    3. fight HIV and AIDS
    4. fight corruption and promote good governance.
55. Three of the following are problems facing tourism in Eastern Africa except?
    1.  poaching 
    2. frequent accidents 
    3. poor transport 
    4. terrorism.
56. What is the time in town X located along longitude 40°W if the time in Accra is 12 noon?
    1. 2:40pm
    2. 9:20am
    3. 9:20pm
    4. 2:40am
57. On which day do we remember the attainment of idependence in Kenya?
    1. 19 June 1963
    2. 12h December 1963 
    3. 20 October 
    4. 12th December 1964.
58. School routine is important to a school mainly because
    1. it promotes order in a school
    2. pupils get time to rest 
    3. pupils come to school late 
    4. it expresses aims and beliefs of a school.
59. Which one of the following was a function of Ntemi among the Nyamwezi?
    1. Was the head of the kingdom
    2. Controlled trade in his chiefdom 
    3. Settled land disputes 
    4. Was incarge of collecting taxes.
60. The method of solving disputes that involves judicial settlement is known as
    1. litigation
    2. arbitration
    3. conciliation
    4. negotiation.

SECTION II: CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

61. What punishment did God give to Eve because of her disobedience?
    1. Suffering while giving birth
    2. Putting on clothes
    3. Sweating to earn a living
    4. Eating selected fruits.
62. Who among the following is known as a friend of God?
    1. Noah
    2. Joseph 
    3. Enock 
    4. Abraham
63. When Moses was called by God, he was living in
    1. Ur
    2. Haran
    3. Midian
    4. Canaan.
64. Jacob dreamt at
    
    1. Peniel
    2. Shechem
    3. Bethel
    4. Canaan.
65. Which commandment was broken by the Israelites when they worshipped a golden calf?
    1. Do not commit adultery
    2. Do not desire another man's property 
    3. Do not make images for yourself
    4. Do not accuse anyone falsely.
66. David annoyed God when he
    
    1. killed Goliath
    2. killed Uriah 
    3. killed Naboth
    4. cried over Soul's death.
67. The jews celebrated the passover to remember when
    1. they were given the ten commandments 
    2. Moses was called by God 
    3. they entered into the land of Caanan
    4. they were delivered from Egypt.
68. Who among the following prophets was called by God while still young?
    1. Moses
    2. Isaiah
    3. Jeremiah 
    4. Hosea
69. Who among the following kings was annointed by prophet Nathan? King 
    1. Saul 
    2. David
    3. Solomon 
    4. Ahab
70. David played the harp for king Saul. This teaches Christians that leisure time should best be used for 
    1. helping others
    2. enjoying oneself 
    3. visiting places 
    4. developing new skills.
71. Mary mother of Jesus hailed from the town
    1. Jerusalem 
    2. Bethlehem
    3. Bethany
    4. Nazareth
72. Which one of the following quotes is not a beatitude. Blessed is
    1. he who comes in the name of the Lord
    2. are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted
    3. are merciful, for they shall obtain mercy 
    4. are pure in heart, for they shall see God.
73. "This is my own dear son with whom am pleased with. Listen to him." These words were spoken during Jesus'
    1. baptism
    2. temptation
    3. transfiguration
    4. crucification
74. Which one of the following parables does not teach on prayer?
    1. The widow and the unjust judge
    2. The prodigal son 
    3. The pharasee and the tax collector
    4. The friend at midnight
75. A miracle of Jesus which shows his power over nature is
    1. healing the paralysed man
    2. walking on water
    3. healing blind Bartimaeus
    4. raising Jairus daughter.
76. The two disciples that Jesus walked with after resurrection were on their way from
    1. Emmaus
    2. Jerusalem 
    3. Jericho
    4. Bethlehem.
77. Who among the following disciples of Jesus was not a fisherman?
    1. Matthew
    2. Andrew
    3. Peter
    4. James
78. Before the Roman governor, Jesus was not accused of 
    1. claiming to be the king of Jews
    2. claiming to destroy the temple and build it in three days 
    3. inciting people not to pay taxes 
    4. misleading people and subverting the nation.
79. During the day of Pentecost, the presence of God was witnessed by
    1. fire
    2. strong wind
    3. dove
    4. cloud and smoke.
80. What advice did John the Baptist give to the tax collector?
    1. To pay taxes to the emperor
    2. To obey lawful authority 
    3. Not to collect more taxes than required 
    4. Not to accuse anyone falsely.
81. Who among the following offered his tomb for the burial of Jesus?
    1. Simon of Cyrene
    2. Nicodemus
    3. Simon the Patriot
    4. Joseph of Arimathea
82. Which one of the following is a common belief between Christians and Africans about God?
    1. God is the creator
    2. God is three in one
    3. God is a jealous God
    4. God lives in heaven.
83. The following are all religious leaders in African religion except
    1. prophets
    2. priests
    3. bishops
    4. diviners.
84. Which one of the following virtue was mainly taught to children in African traditional society? 
    1. Respect
    2. Tolerance 
    3. Patience
    4. Courage
85. The main reason why Christians should obey their leaders is because they
    1. are chosen to rule with justice
    2. are chosen by God
    3. keep peace in the community
    4. have power and authority.
86. The following are gifts of the holy spirit except
    1. patience
    2. faith
    3. wisdom
    4. preaching
87. All parents should encourage their children to practice
    1. nepotism
    2. chastity
    3. discrimination
    4. dishonesty
88. Which of the following is the best way for a Christian to use his wealth?
    1. Going to trips in other countries
    2. Starting community development projects
    3. Building big houses for their families
    4. Saving in the bank for future.
89. Which one of the following Jewish feast was Jesus celebrating during the last supper?
    1. Pentecost 
    2. Passover
    3. Ascension
    4. New year
90. Which missionary society sent John Rebman to Kenya?
    1. Holy Ghost Fathers 
    2. Mill Hill Fathers
    3. Church of Scotland Mission
    4. Church Missionary Society.

SECTION II: ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

61. The following are lessons from surah Al Lahab except one. Which one?
    1. Bad plans can never succeed 
    2. Evil will cause downfall
    3. Allah will punish evil doers 
    4. Disbelievers will enter paradise.
62. 'Fadhalikala'adhi yadhu'ul yatim.' This verse is found in surah
    1. Al-Maun
    2. Al-Masad
    3. Al-Zilzalah 
    4. Al-Qafirun.
63. In which of the following surah does Allah promises man that for every difficulty comes relief?
    1. Al-Kauthar 
    2. Al-Masad
    3. Al-Inshirah
    4. Al-Qafirun
64. A lesson that Muslim learn from surah Al-Kafirun is that
    1. a clear border should be put in worshipping.
    2. Allah has close associates.
    3. Muslims should tolerate by worshiping like others.
    4. anyone can believe in gods.
65. Which two aspects of the religion have been emphasised in surah Al-Bayyinah?
    1. Swalat and Hajj
    2. Swalat and Zakat
    3. Zakat and Ramadhan
    4. Zakat and Hajj
66. Which among the following is not a sign of a hypocrite?
    1. Teiling lies
    2. Breaking a promise 
    3. Does not pray 
    4. Does not keep a trust.
67. Complete the hadith, 'he is not a believer
    1. who annoys others
    2. who annoys parents
    3. who kills enemies 
    4. who does not pray.
68. Which one among these phrases is not mentioned in the Adhan?
    1. Allahu Akbar
    2. Kadiqamatuh Swalah 
    3. Laillaha Illallah 
    4. Haiyallal Swallah.
69. Which one among these conditions does not necessitate Tayammum?
    1. Water being inadequate 
    2. Water being cold
    3. Water being surrounded by enemies
    4. A skin condition or disease to the user.
70. Which one among the following actions nullifies swalah? 
    1. Talking while praying
    2. Facing Qibla 
    3. Taking wudhu before swalah 
    4. covering aura.
71. According to the eating habits taught by the prophet (p.b.u.h) one should
    1. eat with a spoon
    2. eat everything on the plate
    3. eat while standing
    4. eat what is before him. 
72. Which statement is true about Haji?
    1. It is a pillar of Iman
    2. It is a pillar of Islam
    3. It is faradh to all Muslim 
    4. It is the pillar of Islam.
73. HIV/AIDS is a major cause of death. Which one is the best way for school children to use to avoid it? 
    1. Avoiding people infected
    2. Being faithful 
    3. Abstinence 
    4. Having one partner
74. Which is the best action for Omar to take when he finds a poor inan begging at their gate as he goes to school?
    1. Pray for him and send him away 
    2. Chase him and call police
    3. Adopt him as a brother
    4. Give him food and try find job for him.
75. Which is the correct order of events that takes place immediately a child is born
    1. Iqama, tahniq, aqiqah, adhan
    2. Tahniq, adhan, iqama, haqiqa 
    3. Iqama, adhan, tahniq, aqiqah
    4. Aqiqah, adhan, iqama, tahniq
76. Who among the following prophets was given suhut? 
    1. Muhammad 
    2. Ibrahim
    3. Musa
    4. Daud
77. Which one of these pillars of the religion is a gate pass to Islam?
    1. Swalah
    2. Shahada 
    3. Zakat
    4. Ramadhan
78. On your way home, you meet a black cat drowning. What is the best thing to do?
    1. Stone it
    2. Run home
    3. Save it
    4. Avoid the route.
79. Who among the following gave the idea of constructing a trench?
    1. Musab bin Umeir
    2. Zubeir bin Awad 
    3. Salman Al-Farsi
    4. Umar bin Khatab
80. According to the teachings of the prophet (S.A.W) on trade, which one of these activities is haram in trade? 
    1. Purchasing of goods in bulk
    2. Purchasing of goods on credit
    3. Giving out loans with interest
    4. Making huge profits.
81. Which one of these commonalities in Islam emphasizes on the importance of punctuality?
    1. Adhan
    2. Wudhu
    3. Hajj
    4. Swalat
82. Hamza, your classmate, has been fasting. Suddenly he accidentally sip water. What advice would you give him?
    1. Break the fast and eat
    2. Drink enough water and continue fasting
    3. Spit the water and continue fasting 
    4. Break the fast until the next Ramadhan.
83. Which one of the following is the main reason why the Muslims were defeated in the battle of Uhud? 
    1. Muslims were fearful and few
    2. Muslims had inferior weapons and disunite
    3. Muslims had suffered a great loss in Badr
    4. Muslims disobeyed the prophet.
84. Who was the first caliphate in Islam?
    1. Omar R.A 
    2. Abubakar R.A 
    3. Ali R.A 
    4. Uthman RA
85. The following is the meaning of the word Taqwa. Which is the correct one? 
    1. Fear of Allah 
    2. Believing in Allah
    3. Oneness of Allah
    4. Worshipping Allah
86. You have been invited by a friend for a birthday party. On ariving, you notice alcohol is served. What is the best thing for you to do?
    1. Drink soft drink 
    2. Turn down the offer and go back home
    3. Warn them but take eventually 
    4. Call the police?
87. The following are terms used while swearing. Which one is not?
    1. Wallahi
    2. Tallahi
    3. Billahi
    4. Bismillahi
88. The main cause of spreading HIV/AIDS is
    1. blood transfusion
    2. sexual intercourse 
    3. using sharp objects
    4. mother to child
89. Which one of the following attributes of Allah is correctly matched?
    1. Al-Qahhar - inventor
    2. Al-Malik - the peaceful
    3. Al-Ghaffar - the forgiver
    4. Al-Khaliq - provider
90. The main reason why the Arabs came to the coast of East Africa was
    1. to spread Islam
    2. for intermarriage 
    3. to trade 
    4. to stop slave trade.

MARKING SCHEME

1. A
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. A
16. D
17. C
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. C
22. A
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. D
27. A
28. A
29. C
30. B
31. B
32. D
33. D
34. C
35. B
36. C
37. C
38. D
39. B
40. A
41. D
42. C
43. C
44. D
45. B
46. B
47. C
48. C
49. B
50. B
51. D
52. B
53. C
54. B
55. B
56. B
57. B
58. A
59. B
60. A
61. A
62. D
63. C
64. C
65. C
66. B
67. D
68. C
69. B
70. A
71. D
72. A
73. C
74. B
75. B
76. B
77. A
78. B
79. A
80. C
81. D
82. A
83. C
84. A
85. B
86. A
87. B
88. B
89. B
90. D

QUESTIONS

Study the map of Mawe area and use it to answer questions 1-7.

1. The general direction of flows of River Kai is towards 
   1. North West 
   2. South East 
   3. North East 
   4. South West
2. Mawe area is administred by a 
   1. County commissioner 
   2. Sub country commissioner 
   3. Governor 
   4. County representative
3. Population distribution at Mawe area has been influenced by 
   1. transport and communication 
   2. drainage 
   3. economic activities 
   4. presence of security
4. Which one of the following services is offered in Mawe area?
   1. Health
   2. Recreation 
   3. Theatre
   4. Education
5. Which one of the following industries is likely to be found in Mawe area? 
   1. Manufacturing industry 
   2. Processing industry 
   3. Service industry 
   4. Assembling industry
6. The main economic activity in mawe area is 
   1. fishing
   2. trading 
   3. mining
   4. maize growing
7. Which religion is practised in mawe area 
   1. Hinduism
   2. Islamic 
   3. Christianity 
   4. Traditionalism
8. Which one of the following is a negative impact of rapid population growth on resources?
   1. Increased labour force 
   2. Improved health care
   3. Pressure on the existing social service
   4. Availability of employment opportunities
9. The council of elder among the Ameru that handles difficult cases was 
   1. Kiama
   2. Njuri Ncheke
   3. Nkomango
   4. Njuri impere
10. The following is a description of a certain type of vegetation 
    1. tall and evergreen trees
    2. trees have straight trunks and buttress roots
    3. Forests have very little undergrowth
       Which vegetation type is described above
       1. Savannah vegetation
       2. Equatorial vegetation
       3. Swamp vegetation
       4. Mediterranean vegetation
11. Which one of the following is a service industry?
    1. Textile industry
    2. Ginnery
    3. Dry cleaning
    4. Posho niill
12. The following countries are crossed by Trans saharan highway except?
    1. Nigeria
    2. Algeria .
    3. Niger
    4. Mali

Use the map of Africa below to answer questions 13 ro 16.

13. The relief feature marked B was formed through 
    1. folding
    2. faulting and uplifting
    3. volcanicity
    4. denudation 
14. The multi purpose project marked C was mainly constructed to 
    1. controi floods 
    2. provide water for irrigation
    3. provide cheap power
    4.  establish fishing grounds 
15. Three of the following statements are true about the climatic region marked Y. Which one is not?
    1. Rainfall is experienced mainly during winter
    2. Rainfall is accompanied by lighting and thunderstorms
    3. The hottest months in the year are march and september
    4. The type of rainfall received is mainly convectional
16. The lake formed E was formed through 
    1. faulting
    2. downwarping
    3. erosion
    4. deposition
17. Which one of the following early visitors was a trader? 
    1. Vasco da Gama 
    2. David livingstone 
    3. Henry Morton stanley
    4. William Mackinnon
18. The following communities Collaborated with European colonial rule except
    1. wiándinka 
    2. Lozi
    3. obawanga 
    4. Maasai
19. Which one of the following is the main tourist attraction in Egypt?
    1. Willlife
    2. Historical sites 
    3. Sand beaches 
    4. Cultural activities 
20. The main reason for the establishment of East African community was to 
    1. reduce trade barriers
    2. improve transport in the area 
    3. wide a markets for goods produced
    4. introduce a common currency 
21. The weather instrument drawn below is used to measure
    
    
    1. amount of rainfall 
    2. hotness or coldness of a place 
    3. air pressure
    4. strength of wind 
22. Which one of the following plain nilotes are found in Uganda?
    1. Karamajong, Iteso, Jie 
    2. Toposa, Murle, Azande 
    3. Maasai Burji, Samburu
    4. Nandi, Iteso, Sabaot 
23. The main cause of accident in most Kenya roads is
    1. driving unroadworthy vehicles 
    2. overloading vehicles 
    3. negligence of road user
    4. following traffic rule 
24. Which one of the following is the cheapest methods of preserving fish
    1. canning
    2. sun drying
    3. salting
    4. refrigeration
25. Which one of the following is economic right? 
    1. Right to vote 
    2. Right to privacy
    3. Right to food
    4. Right to be paid well 
26. The act of taking over the responsibilities and property of a deceased person is called 
    1. a will
    2. succession 
    3. administration 
    4. acquisition
27. The following are ways of demonstrating patriotism in Kenya except 
    1. payment of taxes
    2. conserving environment
    3. promoting human rights
    4. engaging in corruption
28. The main problem facing tourism in Africa is
    1. poor marketing strategies
    2. political instability
    3. insecurity
    4. similarity of tourist attraction 
29. Below is a description of a certain early visitor
    1. was both a missionary and explorer
    2. sent by royal geographical society
    3. did his missionary work in central Africa
    4. fought against slave trade The early described above as
       1. Henry Morton Stanley 
       2. Dr David Livingstone 
       3. Johannes Rebman
       4. John Krapt
30. Which one of the following fish is caught a marine fishing grounds? 
    1. Mackerel 
    2. Salmon 
    3. Trout
    4. Black bass 
31. The following factors limit peace in the society. Which one is not? 
    1. Bad leadership 
    2. Political differencof human rights
    3. leadership
    4. Transpareney 
32. The dispersal point of the River Lake nilotes was at 
    1. Mt Elgon 
    2. Shungwaya
    3. Pukungu Pakwach
    4. Southern Sudan 
33. The time at town W 40°E is 9.00 a.m. What is the time at town Y 13°W? 
    1. 11:32am
    2. 5:28am 
    3. 7:12am
    4. 10:48am
34. . The main pastoral community in West Africa is the 
    1. Fulani
    2. Tuaregs 
    3. Tswana
    4. Maasai 
35. The road sign below indicates
    
    
    1. drive with caution 
    2. bumps ahead
    3. road junction
    4. give way
36. Which one of the following is a way the communities may contribute to school development? 
    1. Promote the culture of the communities 
    2. Guides pupils to obey laws of the land
    3. Offer labour to the school
    4. Help learners discover their talents 
37. The earliest inhabitants in central Africa is 
    1. Bantus
    2. Bambuti
    3. Boers
    4. Arabs 
38. The main problem facing forestry in the Democratic republic of Congo is 
    1. Forest fires 
    2. Poor harvesting techniques 
    3. Human encroachment
    4. Pest and diseases 
39. The following countries are crossed by the equator except 
    1. Gabon
    2. Uganda 
    3. Dr Congo
    4. Cameroon
40. Forests in Africa are mainly influenced by 
    1. drainage
    2. rainfall 
    3. soil fertility 
    4. altitude 
41. The type of wind found at the side marked A are
    
    
    1. cool and wet 
    2. hot and dry 
    3. cool and dry
    4. warm and moist 
42. The above rainfall is experienced in the following areas except 
    1. Musoma
    2. Kitale
    3. Embu
    4. Arusha
43. Which one of the following lakes were formed through erosion? 
    1. Wum, Nyos, Paradise 
    2. Tana, Catherine, Tana 
    3. Teleki, Maghra, Gallery 
    4. Kivu, Magadi, Jipe
44. The main cause of soil erosion at the . Northern part of Kenya is 
    1. deforestation 
    2. overstocking 
    3. heavy rainfall 
    4. mono cropping
45. Which one of the following minerals is correctly matched with the end product
    1. Flourspar - electric wires 
    2. Soda ash-cement 
    3. Datomite - filters
    4. Limestone - salt 
46. Which one of the following aspect of culture can be preserved? 
    1. Polygamy
    2. Witch craft 
    3. Polygamy 
    4. Tradition medicine
47. Which one of the following factors should be considered first before establishing dairy farming? 
    1. The climatic conditions 
    2. The accesibility of the area 
    3. Availability of land
    4. The type of diseases that may attack the cattle 
48. The main problem facing multi purpose project in Africa is 
    1. prolonged drought 
    2. siltation of the dams 
    3. displacement of people
    4. occurrence of diseases 
49. The person incharge of election at the county level is 
    1. National returning officer 
    2. Presiding officer
    3. Polling clerk
    4. Returning officer 
50. The highest court in Kenya is headed by the
    1. judges
    2. attorney general 
    3. chief justice 
    4. chief registrar
51. The traditional parliament of Swaziland is 
    1. Libandia
    2. Liqoqo 
    3. Tinkhudla
    4. Ngwenyama 
52. The best form of communication used in mass media 
    1. television 
    2. radio
    3. newspaper 
    4. magazine
53. In traditional African society education was passed through the following ways except
    1. use of proverbs 
    2. imitation 
    3. writing
    4. apprenticeship
54. The headquarters of old Ghana kingdom was located at
    1. Wagadu
    2. Bissandugu 
    3. Kumbi saleh
    4. Walafa
55. Who among the following represent the county in the national assembly? 
    1. Women Representative 
    2. County representative 
    3. Governor 
    4. Speaker
56. Below are description of a certain prominent le der 
    1. uholished ownership of Waves
    2. founder member of OAU 
    3. introduced new constitution in his country
       The leader described above is likely to be
       1. Julius Nyereere 
       2. Haile Selassie 
       3. Gamal Abdel Nasser
       4. Leopold Senghor 
57. Most people in Africa prefer transporting goods using road mainly because 
    1. cheap to construct 
    2. faster than other forms of transport
    3. it is the most spread
    4. it is the cheapest 
58. The following are ways through which Seyyid said used to increase volumes of trade in Eastern African coast except 
    1. Signing treaties 
    2. sending or trade caravans 
    3. inviting money lenders
    4. becoming the Sultan
59. Which one of the following forms of democracy is practised in Kenya? 
    1. Representative 
    2. Nominational 
    3. Liberal
    4. Participatory
60. In school staff meeting minutes are written by
    1. Senior teacher 
    2. Deputy headteacher 
    3. Head teacher
    4. Chairperson

CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. 

61. According to the Bible story of creation, which one of the following is not a reason why God created a woman? To
    1. be a companion to the man
    2. work for man
    3. be a helper to the man
    4. have children with the man
62. When Abraham was called by God he was living in
    1. Sinai
    2. Bethel
    3. Haran
    4. Damascus
63. Which one of the following is the main reason why Moses left midian for Egypt?
    1. He wanted to establish a new home
    2. He was commanded by God
    3. He wanted to talk to the Pharaah of Egypt
    4. He wanted to visit the Israelites in Egypt
64. The main reason why Noah built an ark was to make him be able to
    1. fulfill God's wish
    2. worship God there
    3. keep the animal
    4. hide his family
65. Which one of the following was a practise of Israelites during Passover feast?
    1. Drinking wine
    2. Eating unleavened bread
    3. Eating boiled meat
    4. Reciting the ten commandment
66. Who among the following made a wrong choice?
    1. Moses
    2. Joseph
    3. Abraham
    4. Ananiah
67. Which one of the following is not a value taught in the sermon on the mount?
    1. Poverty
    2. Humility
    3. Injustice
    4. Purity
68. "Do not commit murder" Exodus 20:13.Two of the following people broke this commandment, who were they
    1. Abel and Enoch
    2. Noah and Solomon Isaac a
    3. nd Naboth
    4. Cain and David
69. The parable of Jesus which teaches us about the growth of the kingdom of heaven is
    1. the sower
    2. the mustard seed
    3. the good samaritan
    4. the lost son
70. Three of the following are gifts of the Holy spirit. Which one is not?
    1. Wisdom
    2. Healing
    3. Peace
    4. Faith
71. Which one of the following is true about Jesus teaching on prayer?
    1. Prayer should be loud
    2. Do not use many meaningless words
    3. Pray while standing in street corners When
    4. you pray close your eyes
72. Which one of the following events in the life of Jesus showed that He respected the tradition of the jews. When He
    1. talked to the samaritan woman at the well
    2. attended the passover feast at the age of twelve years
    3. was tempted by the devil
    4. fed the five thousand people
73. Which of the following is the meaning of being spiritually poor?
    1. Not having wealth
    2. Being a beggar
    3. Being dependent on God
    4. being very poor and not able to give offerings
74. Special gifts that God has given different people are called
    1. blessings
    2. presents
    3. talents
    4. prizes
75. The parable of the good samaritan teaches Christians that they should
    1. travel in groups
    2. help those in difficulties
    3. avoid accidents
    4. avoid lonely paths
76. Which one of the following happened on the day Jesus died?
    1. There was a voice from heaven
    2. Moses and Elijah appeared
    3. There was an earthquake
    4. Angels sang
77. "Remember me, Jesus when you come asking (Luke 23:42) who said these words? The
    1. Roman thief
    2. Repentant thief
    3. Simon of Cyrene
    4. Simon Peter
78. Who among the following people died because of cheating the apostles?
    1. Stephen
    2. Ananias
    3. Cornelius
    4. Philip 79.
79. traditional African practice which is also found in christianity is
    1. offering sacrifices to God
    2. naming children after ancestors
    3. praying to God for our needs
    4. preaching the Bible during worship
80. Which one of the following statements from the Apostle's creed teaches that Jesus is the son of God?
    1. Descended into hell
    2. Suffered under pontius pilate
    3. Conceived by the Holy Spirit
    4. Crucified died and was buried
81. In which one of the following towns was David bom?
    1. Bethlehem
    2. Jerusalem
    3. Bethany
    4. Jericho
82. Which one of these is a secular value?
    1. Popularity
    2. Mercy
    3. Charity
    4. Forgiveness
83. When people were wealthy in traditional African societies the main explanation given was that they were
    1. blessed by God
    2. hardworking
    3. generous
    4. wise
84. Below are class seven pupils who among them uses talcats well according to the Biblical teachings?
    1. June - sings in the church choir
    2. Fridah-reads many story books
    3. Dorcas - wrtes good poems
    4. Jane - write good composition
85. Which one of the following activities by Christians is an example of the gifts of the Holy spirit?
    1. Reading the Bible
    2. Collecting offerings
    3. Cleaning the church
    4. Singing in th choir
86. A class six teacher has asked the pupils to weed garden. John is not willing to do it because he fells it is manual work. As a Christian what is best advice to give him
    1. ask other pupils to help him
    2. transfer to another school
    3. do the work quickly
    4. do the work as well as he can
87. Mark your deskmate hides his Christian religious education textbook from you. As a christian what action would you take
    1. stop talking to him
    2. report him to the teacher
    3. teach him about sharing
    4. move away from the desk
88. Mary is a rich lady who has poor neighbours as a Christian the best advice to give her is that she should
    1. give jobs to the needy
    2. give them food
    3. donate her money to the church
    4. keep her money in a safe place
89. You have noticed that your friend Philip has been going out of school during class time and you would like him to stop. As a christian you should
    1. go and tell his parents about it
    2. show him why it is important to respect school rules
    3. threaten to end your relationship with him
    4. report the matter to the class prefect
90. Mary your schoolmate has joined a group of youths who smoke cigarettes. What would be the best thing for you to do
    1. report her to the class teacher
    2. advise her to transfer to another school
    3. avoid any contact with her
    4. tell her to stop the friendship

Marking Scheme

• Leadership and Political change
  • Traditional Leaders In Kenya
    • Contribution of Traditional Leaders in Kenya
  • Early Forms Of Government
• Citizenship
  • Ways of becoming a Kenyan Citizen
  • Ways in which one May lose Kenyan Citizenship
  • Good Citizenship
• National Unity In Kenya.
  • National Symbols in Kenya
  • Factors That Promote National Unity
  • Human Rights
• Governance in Kenya
  • Democracy In Society
  • Electoral Process In Kenya Importance Of Voting In Kenya
  • The National Government in Kenya

Leadership and Political change

Traditional Leaders In Kenya

• A traditional leader is someone who was chosen by his or her community to lead them.
• A traditional leader was someone who was famous for one reason or another. Sometimes they were wisemen and women. At other times they were brave warriors, famous medicine people or successful traders.they were obeyed and respected. People would go to them for advice and guidance.

Contribution of Traditional Leaders in Kenya

Kivoi wa Mwendwa

• Kivoi wa Mwendwa was born in 1780 in Kitui.
• He was a great long distance trader who travelled between Mombasa and Mt. Elgon.
• He was able to organize hunting and raiding activities to acquire trade goods in the region
• When he took the goods to the coast, he exchanged them for clothes, cowrie shells, ornaments, knives, daggers, spices and glassware from Arab traders.
• In 1846, he met Dr. Krapf for the first time at Rabai and they became great friends.
• In 1849, Dr. Krapf visited Chief Kivoi in his home in Kitui from where he saw a snow-capped mountain. It was amazing to find such information along the equator.
• When Ludwig Krapf inquired about it, Chief Kivoi informed him that the name of the mountain was “Kinyaa”, which Krapf interpreted as Kenya, the present-day name of our country.
• His Friendship with Dr. Krapf led to the spread of Christianity among his people.

Mekatilili wa Menza

She was born in 1840. She was a prophetess and a political leader of the Agiriama people

• Mekatilili was opposed to hut tax and forced labour, slavery, the destruction of the Kayas (traditional shrines) and recruitment of Giriama youths who were forced to work on European farms. She led her people to fight against the occupation of Giriama land along River Sabaki.
• They attacked European settlements and traders passing through their land.
• During the fight she was arrested and deported to Kisii.
• After this, the Agiriama lost their political power.
• She escaped from Kisii prison and trekked back to Kilifi.
• She was re-arrested and deported to Kismayu in August 1914.
• She died in 1920.
• Mekatilili wa Menza was a famous army general and a great pride of the Agiriama community, an inspiration to present-day women due to her toiling spirit.

Differences and similarities between Kivoi wa Mwendwa and Mekatili wa Menza

Early Forms Of Government

Early Forms Of Government Among The Maasai.

• The Maasai belong to the Nilotes.
• They live in the plains where they can get enough pasture for their animals
• The Maasai were ruled by a council of elders.
• The community had age sets and each age set had its time of leadership.
• Moran was the most active age set.
• The Olaiguani was the title of the military captain.
• The spiritual leader of the Maasai was known as Oloibon.
• Lenana was a famous Oloibon in their social life.
• The maasai worshipped a supreme being called Enkai. Enkai was the source of life and punished bad people.
• The Laibon prayed to God on behalf of other people in the community.
• There was a council of elders that settled disputes amongst the Maasai.
• The Morans defended the community against external attacks. They also raided other communities to get cattle.

Early Forms Of Government Among The Ameru

• The Ameru are Bantu speakers who live around Mt. Kenya.
• The traditional system of Ameru was based on the age set system.
• There were to sets of rulers: the Kiruka and the Ntiba.each of these age sets was headed by a council of elders and ruled at a particular time before handing over to the other.
• The handing over of the ceremony was marked by a ceremony called Ntuiko.
• The generation in power had a council of elders called the Njuri Ncheke. This council was made up elderly men who were selected because of their ability and wisdom.
• They dealt with murder, land issues, witchcraft and theft.
• They also made laws in the community.
• They settled disputes, maintained law and order, presided over religious matters, protected the environment and advised on the best economic activity for the community.
• Law breakers were punished by a council of elders called Nkomango.
• Matters that were difficult to handle were dealt with by selected members of Njuri Ncheke called Njuri Impeere.
• They had a religious leader called Mugwe. He blessed major events like sacrifices to ancestors, declared curses on matters of public interest, declared things taboo and prohibited, and conducted rites when age sets were being promoted

Differences and similarities between the Maasai and the Ameru.

Citizenship

Good citizenship in Kenya

Ways of becoming a Kenyan Citizen

• A citizen is a person who belongs to a particular country.
• Citizenship is the state of being a member of a given country.
• In Kenya, citizens are issued with identity cards to show that they are Kenyans. A person can become a Kenyan citizen in two ways.
  1. By Birth
     • A child born of Kenyan parents becomes a Kenyan Citizen. The child is registered and given a birth certificate. At the age of 18 he or she can use the birth certificate to get an identity card.
     • If the child is born in Kenya by parents who are foreigners, the child has the option of becoming a Kenyan citizen or not.
  2. By registration
     • A person born outside Kenya who has attained the age of 21 years can apply to be registered as a Kenyan citizen.
     • He or she must fulfil the following conditions.
       • He or she must have been living in Kenya for at least seven years
       • One of his or her parents must be a Kenyan citizen
       • He or she must have knowledge of Kiswahili or English.
       • He or she must be of good character and make a good citizen.

Requirements for Dual Citizenship

Dual citizenship is the state whereby a person is a citizen of more than one country under the laws of those countries.

A Kenyan citizen by birth does not lose Kenyan citizenship by acquiring citizenship of another country, as long as he or she can prove that one or both parents were Kenyan citizens at their time of birth.
Someone who qualifies for dual citizenship is required to be of good conduct, law abiding and should show interest in becoming a dual citizen

He or she should also present the following documents:

• Two passport photographs
• Copy of birth certificate
• Copy of Kenyan passport
• Copy of Kenyan identity card
• Copy of the other country’s passport
• Copy of the other country’s certificate of citizenship
• Copy of police clearance certificate.

Ways in which one May lose Kenyan Citizenship

• Kenyans who obtain citizenship of another country are required to disclose their other citizenship within three months of becoming a dual citizen. Failure to do so is an offence.
• If a person acquired the citizenship by registration, the citizenship may be lost if one:
  
  1. Is discovered to have used false documents during registration
  2. Fails to renew citizenship when it expires
  3. Is convicted of an offence which has a penalty of at least seven years imprisonment within five years of registration
  4. Is convicted of planning to overthrow the government (treason).
  5. Is working with an enemy of Kenya to fight Kenya.
  6. Willingly denounces Kenyan citizenship

If a person acquired the citizenship by birth, the citizenship may be lost if:

1. The age of the person is discovered and reveals that the person was older than eight years when he or she was found on Kenyan soil.
2. The nationality or parentage of the person becomes known and reveals that he or she was a citizen of another country.
3. The person used false documents during registration.

Good Citizenship

A good citizen does the following:

• Obeys the laws of the country
• Is loyal and loves his or her country
• Defends his or her country
• Respects the authorities
• Takes part in community activities
• Pays tax to the government
• Takes care of the environment

National Unity In Kenya.

National Symbols in Kenya

The national symbols in Kenya include:

1. The national anthem

   • Is a national prayer
   • It expresses the hopes and wishes of Kenyans
   • It was first sang at independence
   • It is written in Kiswahili and English
   • It is sang when raising the flag and when opening and closing national days celebrations

2. The National flag

   • It is flown in all official functions, government offices and at schools.
   • Senior government officials fly the national flag on their cars. It is also raised when our sportsmen and women win medals in international games. It is the most popular

3. National symbol.

   • It has four colours: black, white,red and green.
   • The red colour is a reminder of the blood shed and lives lost during the fight for independence.
   • The black colour is our skin and we are proud of it.
   • The green colour is the beautiful environment that supports the growing of crops
   • The white colour shows peace in our country and the unity of Kenyans.

4. The coat of arms

   • It is the logo of our country
   • It has two lions holding spears as a sign of strength and readiness to defend our country from external forces
   • The cock with an axe shows that we can fight anybody as we defend our country.
   • Crops represent the agricultural products of our fertile soil and the ability of Kenyans to feed themselves.
   • Harambee - this is our national motto. Kenyans work together to build our country.

5. The Public seal

   • It is circular in shape
   • It has a coat of arms at the centre
   • It is the government signature on its official documents
   • The crops represent our main agricultural products.

Factors That Promote National Unity

Some of the factors that promote national unity are:

• National holidays - these are days when great events are celebrated. They include, Madaraka Day celebrated on 1st June, Mashujaa Day celebrated on 21st October, Jamhuri 12th December .
• National symbols - these include the coat of arms, the national flag,the national anthem and public seal.
• National languages -the use of Kiswahili and English brings people of different communities together.
  1) The president
  2) Sports and games
  3) The Kenyan constitution
  4) The National Assembly

Human Rights

• A right is what is legally yours. Our rights are written in a document that contains all the laws of Kenya. The document is called the constitution of Kenya.
• We all have rights and our rights should be respected.
• Some basic rights are:
  
  • Right to life - life is important to all human beings. No one has the right to take another person’s life.
  • Right to basic needs (food, shelter, clothing and education) - every child should have adequate food, clothing, good medicinal care, education and shelter.
  • Right to shelter - place to protect from danger, rain.
  • Right to protection
  • Freedom of worship - Every Kenyan citizen is free to hold his or her own beliefs and belong to a religious group of his or her choice
  • Right to vote - every Kenyan citizen above 18 years of age has a right to vote.
  • Right to fair trial - A person who has been arrested should be presumed innocent until proven guilty.
  • Right to own property - we are allowed to own property anywhere in Kenya. We can buy land or do business in any part of Kenya.
  • Freedom from discrimination -all people are equal before the law and should be protected from any discrimination regardless of age, sex, race, colour or tribe.

Importance of Human rights

• When human rights are respected citizens live in peace and harmony.
• Respect for human rights will help us feel secure and safe.
• Promotes democracy in the society
• They are a guarantee for equal and fair treatment

Children's rights helps them to grow up well and become good citizens

Governance In Kenya

Democracy In Society

Types Of Democracy In Kenya

• Democracy refers to a form of governance where the government rules according to the wishes of the people and for the benefit of the people.
• The leaders are elected by the people through elections.
• There are two types of democracy:
  • Direct democracy - this is also called participatory democracy or pure democracy. . in this type of democracy, all citizens are involved in making decisions on various issues that concern them. This is the best form of democracy.
  • Indirect democracy - this is also called representative democracy. In this type of democracy, citizens elect representatives who make decisions on their behalf. The elected representatives are supposed to make decisions the way people who elected them would like them to.

Benefits Of Democracy In Society.

• Democracy enables people to elect leaders of their choice.
• Democracy promotes good governance in the society
• Democracy promotes development and stability in the society
• Democracy enables citizens to express themselves freely
• Democracy promotes justice in society because all people are ruled by the law.
• Democracy helps to protect the basic rights of all citizens
• Democracy promotes peace, love and unity in society. This helps reduce conflicts.

Electoral Process In Kenya Importance Of Voting In Kenya

• Voting is the action of electing someone in an election.
  People vote to choose leaders who will represent them in the government, to exercise their democratic right and to replace bad leaders with good leaders.

Elective Political positions in Kenya

In Kenya we have six elective political positions.. They are:

• President - who leads the national government.
• Governor - who is the head of the county government.
• Senator - who represents the county in the senate
• Member of parliament - who represents the constituency in the parliament.
• Woman representative - represents women who are considered as marginalised group by the constitution.
• Member of county assembly - who represents the ward in the county assembly.

Voting Steps In Kenya

The following are the steps of voting in Kenya.

• Registration of voters on the voter’s register by the independent Electoral and boundaries Commission (IEBC) Giving civic education to the voters to help them understand the proceedings of voting.
• On the day of voting, voters go to the polling station to elect their leaders. For a voter to be allowed to vote:
  
  1. He or she must have a national identity card or valid passport
  2. He or she must appear on the voters register.
• Verifying of the names from the voter’s register using voters identification card
• When cleared, the voter is given a ballot paper to fill. This is done in a booth or private room. He or she puts a mark next to the name of the candidate of his or her choice.
• The voter casts his or her ballot in a ballot box.
• Once the voter casts his or her vote, a non-washable ink is used to make a mark on his or her small finger.

The National Government in Kenya

Arms of the National Government and their Functions

The three arms of National Government in Kenya include:

• The legislature - is the arm of the National Government that makes the laws that govern the country. These laws are contained in the constitution of Kenya.
• The Executive - is the arm of the National Government that runs the government. The president ensures that there is law and order in the country. This arm of the National Government comes up with policies of the government.
• The Judiciary - Is the arm of the National Government that listens to cases brought to the courts and administers justice

The Composition of the three arms of the National Government in Kenya

The Legislature

1. National Assembly
   
   • The speaker
   • 290 elected members of parliament
   • 47 elected women representatives
   • 12 members nominated by political parties
2. The senate
   
   • The speaker
   • 47 senators
   • 16 women nominated by political parties
   • 2 youth representatives (male and female)
   • 2 members representing people with disabilities (male and female)

Composition of the Executive

• The president
• The deputy president
• Cabinet secretaries
• Attorney General
• Public servants

Composition of the Judiciary

• The Chief Justice
• The Deputy Chief Justice
• The Chief Registrar
• Judges of the Supreme Court
• The Judicial Service Commission
• Other Judicial officers and staff

Participating In National Governance

We take part in national governance by doing the following:

1. Obeying the rules and laws of our country
2. Encouraging people in the society to participate in democratic activities such as voting.
3. Creating awareness on the importance of respecting human rights.
4. Being good citizens and educating other people in the society on good citizenship.
5. Supporting the elected leaders in the society.
6. Encouraging our leaders to be fair and transparent in their leadership

• Resources found in Kenya grade 5
• Agriculture
  • Farming Methods
  • Importance of Farming
• Dairy Farming in Kenya
  • Benefits of Dairy Farming
  • Challenges Facing Dairy Farming In Kenya
• Horticulture In Kenya
  • Contribution Of Horticulture To The Economy Of Kenya
• Mining In Kenya
  • Importance Of Minerals In Our Country.
  • Problems facing Mining in Kenya
• Fishing in Kenya
  • Methods Of Inland Fishing
  • Contribution Of Fishing To The Economy Of Kenya
• Wildlife and Tourism in Kenya
  • National park and Game reserve
  • Tourists Attractions In Kenya
• Transport in Kenya
  • Modern Forms Of Transport In Kenya
• Communication In Kenya Modern Means Of Communication.

Resources found in Kenya

• A resource is something that we can use to create wealth. Kenya has many natural resources such as land, minerals, water and forests.
• Economic activity - is what one does with the resources to make money or wealth.
• These resources can be used for the benefit of the people. When people use resources to make money, we say they are carrying out economic activities.
• We use land in growing crops like tea, coffee, vegetables and also keep animals like sheep, carmels and goats.
• Minerals are valuable substances that are naturally found on earth. Minerals found in Kenya include: soda sh, limestone, salt, diatomite and petroleum.
• We use water to rear fish. Fish found in Kenya include Tilapia and mud fish. Water is also used to water crops and animals as well as in industries.
• Forests act as homes for wild animals which attract tourists to our country.

How we can care for the resources found In Kenya
We care for resources in Kenya through the following ways:

• Planting new trees when we cut old ones
• Adding manure and planting cover crops to take care of soil.
• Keeping water sources clean.
• Using minerals wisely
• Protecting forests by not lighting fires and destroying them.

Agriculture

This is the growing of crops and keeping animals.

Farming Methods:

Subsistence farming

it is a type of farming whereby farmers grow crops for use at home.

Characteristics of subsistence farming

• Farmers grow crops and keep animals mainly for home use
• The farms are divided into small portions
• Farmers use simple tools such as hoes, ox ploughs and pangas to do cultivation.
• Farmers grow crops such as maize, beans, millet, cassava, yams and arrowroots in small quantities.
• Animal waste is used as manure
• Family labour is used
• A few animals such as cows, sheep, goats and chicken are kept.

Small scale farming

Is the type of farming whereby the farmer grows crops and keeps livestock on small pieces of land.

Characteristics of small scale farming

• It is practical in areas which are densely populated. The land available for farming is limited.
• It is practised in areas which have fertile soil and which receive enough and reliable rainfall.
• Improved methods of farming such as rotation, application of fertilizer and spraying are used.
• Farmers plant crops and keep animals for food and also for sale.
• Family labour is used by farmers.
• Food crops and cash crops such as coffee, tea,sugarcane, pyrethrum, fruits, vegetables and flowers.

Importance of Farming

● It’s a sources of income for farmers
● It’s a source of raw materials for industries
● Source of food for many people
● Promotes better standards of living
● Earns revenue for the government
● Promotes proper use of land.

Dairy Farming In Kenya

This refers to the keeping of cattle for the production of milk and milk products. It can be carried out on a small and large scale.

The following factors favour dairy farming in Kenya:

• Cool temperatures, which discourages breeding of ticks
• High and reliable rainfall to enable pastures to grow.
• Good transport system to ensure quick transportation of milk
• Enough land to grow grass to feed the cattle.
• Plenty of water for animals in order to produce enough milk.
• Veterinary services to give advice to farmers and treat animals when they are sick.
• A large market to buy dairy products which have to be sold quickly. Areas where dairy farming is mainly practised include Meru, Embu, Kirinyaga, Murang’a, Nakuru, Nyandarua, Laikipia, Nyeri, Kiambu, Kisii, Nyamira, Nandi, Bungoma, Uasin Gishu and Trans-Nzoia counties.
• Dairy products include: Milk, cheese, yoghurt, ghee, butter and cream.

Benefits of Dairy Farming

 Improves the living standards of people
 Provides people with milk and other milk products such as yoghurt.
 Farmers can earn income when they sell milk
 It’s a source of employment
 Government gets revenue from milk exports
 Milk is a source of protein and thus it improves our health
 Hides and skins are used in the leather industry to make shoes and belts.

Challenges Facing Dairy Farming In Kenya

• Dairy farming is very expensive to practise and needs a lot of money.
• Lack of enough capital
• Lack of enough storage and cooling facilities to store milk
• Poor means of transport because the roads are damaged
• Lack of adequate market for milk
• Delay of payment of farmers by the buyers
• Lack of enough pasture during the dry period
• High cost of commercial feeds.
• Competition from cheap imported dairy products.

Horticulture In Kenya

• Horticulture is the growing of flowers, fruits and vegetables.
• Horticulture farming is done in green houses under natural conditions e.g. flowers grown in Kenya are: Roses, lilies, hibiscus, carnations and orchids
• Fruits grown in Kenya are: Oranges, grapes, lemons, mangoes and pineapples.
• Vegetables grown in Kenya include: onions, tomatoes, cabbages, carrots and sukuma wiki (kale) among others
• It is mainly practised in the following areas:
  • Mount elgon
  • Kitale
  • Cherangany hills
  • Mois Bridge
  • Nyahururu
  • Taveta
  • Naivasha
  • Ngong
  • Kisii
  • Embu
  • Eldoret
  • Nairobi
  • Naivasha is the main horticultural growing area in Kenya.

Contribution Of Horticulture To The Economy Of Kenya

• It earns the country foreign exchange when they are exported.
• Improves living standards when farmers get their money.
• It’s a source of employment. People are employed to work in farms.
• They are a major source of food for the people of Kenya
• Some horticultural crops are used as raw materials in industries.

Mining In Kenya

• Minerals are valuable substances that are naturally found on earth or underneath.
• Mining refers to the process of removing minerals from the rocks in the ground.
• Major minerals found in kenya include:
  • Soda ash - mined at Lake Magadi
  • Diatomite - mined at Kariandusi near Gilgil.
  • Limestone - mined at Athi River near Nairobi and Bamburi in Mombasa.
  • Salt - mined in Lake Magadi and also along the coast at Malindi and Ngomeni.
  • Petroleum - mined in Turkana county.

Importance Of Minerals In Our Country.

• They earn our country foreign exchange when they are exported.
• They are important in the construction industry e.g cement mixed with sand.
• Different minerals are used as raw materials in industries that manufacture different products such as cement, glass, soap and chemicals.
• Some minerals are used in our homes to add taste to our food e.g. salt.

Problems Facing Mining In Kenya

• Poor transport system
• Lack of skilled labour
• Insecurity in the mining areas
• Collapsing of mines which causes death or injury to the miners.
• Inadequate capital.

Fishing In Kenya

• Fishing refers to the harvesting of fish from water for use directly as food at home or for sale in the market.
• Fishing can be done in lakes, oceans, rivers or ponds.
• A fishing ground is an area where fishing is carried out.

Methods Of Inland Fishing

• Inland fishing is carried out in freshwater bodies like lakes, rivers and fish farms (ponds) located on the main inland fishing grounds in Kenya
  
  • Lakes: Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha, Jipe and Baringo.
  • Rivers: Tana, Yala, Sagana, Nzoia and Nyando.
  • Dams: Masinga and Kiambere.
  • Fish farms: Naromoru, Nanyuki, Borabu, Bamburi and Aruba.
• Methods of inland fishing include:
  1. Harpooning or spear method. - this is mostly done in clear water. Fishermen catch fish by spearing them.
     A spear is aimed at the fish in the water. It is a method used in catching a few fish for home use.
  2. Net drifting - a net is placed vertically in a lake. The net is supported by floats at the top and has weights at the bottom. Fish swim into the net and get trapped and cannot move.
  3. Lamp attraction method - lamps are lit in boats over the water surface to attract fish at night. As the fish move towards the light, they are caught using baskets and nets. This method is commonly used in Lakes like Victoria, Turkana to catch small fish like Omena
  4. Hook and line method- a string with a hook on the head is tied to a rod. A bait is then put on the hook, which is dipped into the water. The bait could be a piece of meat or an insect. The fish get attracted to the bait and are caught by the hook. Only one fish is caught at a time.
  5. Use of baskets - a conical-shaped basket is pushed into the river where the water flows very fast. After some time, the basket is removed from the water with whatever may have got in. this method is used in rivers and near banks of lakes

Contribution Of Fishing To The Economy Of Kenya

• Tourist attraction - tourists come to kenya to do fishing as a sport and for enjoyment.
• Fish is exported to earn the country foreign exchange.
• Fish is a source of food e.g. source of protein.
• Fishing is a source of employment for many e.g. in industries that process fish, fish farms.
• It's a source of income- selling fish earns fishermen income thus improving their living standards.
• Fish is a source of medicine - fish contains the cod liver that is used as medicine.
• Fishing has led to the growth of other dependent industries that make fertilizers, animal feeds and fish processing.

Wildlife and Tourism in Kenya

National park and Game reserve

• A national park is a wildlife protection area controlled directly by the national government through the Kenya wildlife service. In national parks people are not allowed to settle.
• A game reserve is a wildlife protection area managed by the local county government. In game reserves, people are allowed to live and graze their cattle.

Locating National Parks and Game reserves in Kenya (map)

Importance Of Wildlife In Our Country

• Wildlife is an important natural resource in kenya. The following are some reasons why wildlife is important:
  • It is a major tourist attraction in kenya. National parks and game reserves have rare kinds of animals which tourists pay to see. The government gets revenue from the tourists.
  • It creates job opportunities for many people. Some people are employed to work in national parks and game reserves . others are employed as tour guides or workers in hotels.
  • It helps us to make good use of unproductive lands. Game parks and reserves are located in areas which cannot support domestic animals and crops.
  • Some wild animals are eaten as food. This happens when the population of wild animals is high. E.g. gazelles, crocodiles, giraffes,zebras and impalas.
  • It promotes cultural exchange. When tourists interact with Kenyans, they exchange ideas, beliefs and cultural values and practices.
  • It is a national heritage and it contributes to the beauty of the land.
  • It promotes development of transport and communication facilities in Kenya. Roads leading to game parks and reserves have been improved.
  • Some wild animals have medicinal value and are used in the manufacture of medicine.

Tourists Attractions In Kenya

• A tourist is someone who travels to various places for leisure or enjoyment.
• Tourism is the practice of offering services to tourists with the intention of making money.
• Tourist attractions are things that tourists come to see or the places they visit.
• The main tourist attractions in Kenya are:
  1. Wildlife- this is the main tourist attraction. Tourists come to see animals such as the big five and flamingos in Lake Nakuru.
  2. Historic built environments - such as Fort Jesus, Gedi Ruins and the Nairobi National Museum.
  3. Sandy coastal beaches- tourists visit the beaches to relax and sunbathe.
  4. Culture- Kenya has varied and unique cultures. These include dances, artefacts, ways of dressing and shelters.
  5. Warm climate - Kenya experiences a warm climate most of the year. This attracts tourists when it is cold in their countries.
  6. Sports - some sports such as mountain climbing, sport fishing and motor vehicle rallies attract tourists.
  7. Conference facilities - Kenya has modern conference facilities such as Kenya International Conventional Centre (KICC) , UNEP headquarters and several five-star hotels.
  8. Beautiful scenery - this includes the Great Rift valley, the hot water springs at Olkaria and the snow peaks of Mount Kenya

Contribution of Tourism to the economy of Kenya

• Tourism contributes to the economy of Kenya in the following ways:
• It is a source of foreign exchange
• It creates employment for Kenyans
• Tourists bring new ideas when they visit our country
• Hotels where tourists stay promote the growth of agriculture in those areas. They create a market for crops grown by farmers.
• It leads to growth of urban centres. For example, Narok town has grown due to the presence of Maasai Mara Game reserve.
• It provides a market for locally made items such as baskets and ornaments.

Ways Of Promoting Tourism In Kenya

• Ensuring safety and security of tourists.
• Constructing electric fences around game parks and reserves to prevent human wildlife conflicts.
• Conserving all the natural forests and planting more trees to sustain the wild animals.
• Establishing anti-poaching units in all game parks and game reserves.
• Charging affordable fees at all tourist attractions.
• Building modern hotels and lodges for tourists.
• Ensuring that roads to tourist attraction sites are well maintained.

Transport In Kenya

Modern Forms Of Transport In Kenya

• Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to another.
• There are various forms of transport used in Kenya.these are: road, railways, water, air and pipeline.
• Road transport is the oldest and most common form of transport. People and goods are transported using cars, bicycles, buses, matatus,motorbikes, lorries and trailers.
• Water transport involves the movement of goods and people over water. It is the most suitable form of transportation for bulky goods. However it is slow.
• Railway transport involves the movement of people and goods on a railway line.
• Air transport involves the movement of people and goods using aircraft. It is the fastest and most expensive form of transport.
• Pipeline transport is mainly used to transport water,oil and gases.

Causes Of Road Accidents In Kenya

• Ignorance of traffic rules and road signs
• Driving beyond the speed limit
• Driving vehicles that are not in good condition
• Overloading of goods and passengers
• Driving under the influence of alcohol or harmful drugs
• Poor state of roads

Ways of reducing road accidents in Kenya

• Educating drivers and other road users on the proper use of roads
• Constructing footbridges, tunnels and pedestrian paths
• Enforcing traffic rules to stop driving beyond the speed limit. Using speed governors on public service vehicles to control their speed.
• Constructing speed bumps on roads
• Placing correct road signs at the right places along the roads
• Punishing and penalising drivers who do not obey traffic rules
• Inspecting vehicles regularly to ensure that they are roadworthy.
• Not using mobile phones when driving.

Road signs and their meanings (pic pg. 120)

Ways Of Observing Road Safety In Kenya

• Observe road signs on your way.
• At pedestrian crossing, look left, right and again then cross when the road is clear.
• Fasten your seat belts when in a moving vehicle
• Do not play near the roads
• Always use sidewalks.

Communication In Kenya Modern Means Of Communication.

• Communication is the sending or receiving of information. Examples of modern means of communication in Kenya include:
• Mobile phones and telephones - this is the fastest and most reliable way of sending and receiving messages. It can be used to send both written and spoken messages.
• Magazines, newspapers, journals - they are produced either daily, weekly or monthly. They report information about events happening in the country and around the world. They report on politics, business, sports and other happenings.
• Radio - this method sends messages to many people at the same time. These messages are aired in English, Kiswahili and local languages.
• Television - this is sending messages using visual aids and sending to many at once.
• Internet - this involves sending of emails using electronic means among others like video conferencing.
• Postal services - this is the delivery of written messages in the form of letters and parcels from one place to another. This service is offered through post offices.
• Courier services - this is sending and receiving of letters and parcels to people living far away . In this service, the parcels are delivered to the owners personally. It is fast and reliable

• Language Groups in Kenya
  • Interdependence of Language Groups in Kenya
• Population Distribution In Kenya
• Cultural and Social Organization
  • School Administration

Language Groups in Kenya

The main language groups in Kenya are

• Bantu
• Nilotes
• Cushites
• Asians
• Europeans

THE BANTU

They originate from Congo Forest
They are the largest group in Kenya
They consist of Abakuria, Abagusii, Abaluhya, Abasuba, Agikuyu, Ameru, Aembu, Mbeere, Akamba, Mijikenda (Giriama, Digo, Duruma, Kambe, Kauma, Jibana, Chonyi, Rabai and Ribe), Wapokomo, Wataita, Wataweta, and Waswahili)

THE NILOTES

They originated from Bahr- el- ghazal in South Sudan.
They kept animals and grew crops such as millet and sorghum.
They consist of Nandi, Kipsigis, Keiyo, Markawet, Tugen, Pokot, Sabaot, Terik, Luo, Maasai, Samburu, Iteso, Turkana and Elmolo.

THE CUSTHITES

They originated from the Horn of Africa, popularly known as Somalia.
They consist of the Dahalo, Sanye, Makogode, Sniah, Borana, Rendile, Burji, Oromo, Ormo, Awera and Gabbra

THE ASIANS

They originated from Asia
They include the Indians, Japanese and Chinese.
They live in towns and work as traders and business people.

THE EUROPEANS

They came from Europe
They were interested in african land in order to get raw materials and settle.

They include people from Germany, France, Italy and Spain.

Interdependence of Language Groups in Kenya

Language groups in Kenya depend on each other through various means. They include:

• Food
• Treatment
• Education
• Market

Benefits of interdependence among the language groups in Kenya include:

• It promotes love and unity among different language groups
• It brings development e.g. the development of roads which connect different communities.
• It discourages tribalism, racism and corruption
• It leads to the exchange of culture, goods and services.

Population Distribution In Kenya

• Population refers to the total number of people living in an area at a particular time.
• The total number of people living in Kenya makes up the population of Kenya.
• The population of an area can either be sparse or dense.
• If an area has many people the area is said to be densely populated.
• If an area has few people it is said to be sparsely populated.
• Population density is the number of people living in an area per square kilometre.
• Population density can be described as high, medium or low.
• Areas of high population in Kenya include:
  • Highlands such as western highlands and central highlands, parts of Machakos.
  • Lake basins such as Nyanza region, especially north of Lake Victoria
  • Coastal areas
  • Major towns such as Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret
• Areas of low population density include:
  • Deserts like Chalbi and Taru
  • Steep slopes of mountains.
  • Restricted areas such as near game parks and airports

Culture And Social Organization

• Culture is the way of life of people. It includes how they eat, what they eat, how they dress, their religion among other things.
• African traditional education is a form of learning in traditional african societies in which knowledge, skills and attitudes of the community were passed from elder to children to prepare them for adult life.
• Methods of instructions used in african traditional education include:
  • Apprenticeship
  • Songs and dances
  • Storytelling
  • Narratives or narrations
  • Proverbs
  • Riddles
  • Ceremonies
  • Learning from specialist
• Skills taught to girls included:
  • Cooking
  • Fetching water
  • Looking after young ones
  • And fetching firewood
• Skills taught to boys included:
  
  • Herding
  • Hunting
  • Cultivating the land

Importance of african traditional education in promoting values

• It emphasizes the value for respect for all
• It emphasizes obedience
• It encourages honesty among all members of the community
• It encourages responsibility and hard work
• It encourages faithfulness.
• It promotes generosity and kindness as people take care of each other.
• It encourages people to live together in peace and unity.

School Administration

Administrative leaders in school They include:

The headteacher
              ↓
The deputy head teacher
              ↓
The senior teacher
              ↓
Teachers (class teacher)
              ↓
Children’s government

Duties of administrative leaders in school

1. Duties of the head teacher
   • Overall in charge of the school
   • Links the school to the department of the school
   • Admits new learners
   • Maintains school records
   • Oversees day-to-day running of the school
   • Allocates tasks to other members of staff and supervises
   • In charge of funds and security of the school
   • Overall in charge of discipline.
2. Duties of the deputy head teacher
   • Assistant to the head teacher
   • In charge of discipline
   • Secretary to staff meetings
   • Prepare the school timetable and routine
   • Ensure safety and security of learners
   • Teaches learners
3. Duties of the senior Teacher
   • Assists in administration in the absence of the headteacher and deputy headteacher.
   • Helps supervising curriculum development in school
   • Guide and counsels learners
   • Teaches the learners
4. Duties of teachers (class teachers)
   • Prepares and maintains class register
   • Maintains class discipline
   • Provides guidance services to learners
   • Resolves conflicts arising in class
   • Teaches subjects assigned
5. Duties of children’s government
   • Acts as a linkage between the students and the school administration
   • Acts as a role model to other learners
   • Supervises school activities including maintaining cleanliness
   • Provides feedback to the school administration concerning student affairs.

• Natural Environment
  • Elements of a Map
    • Importance of Maps
  • Map Interpretation
  • Location, Position and Size of Kenya
  • Main Physical features In Kenya.
  • Weather and Climate in Kenya
• The Built Environments
  • Importance of Historic Built Environments

Natural Environment

Elements of a Map

A map is a drawing that represents the earth or part of it on a flat surface.
The key elements of a map include:

• Title - is the name given to a map. It is usually written at the top or the bottom of the map
• Frame - is the border that is drawn around a map
• Key/legend - contains the symbols and signs that have been used on a map. It shows what the signs and symbols represent. Symbols are small pictures, drawings or letters. They represent real objects on a map.
• Scale - shows the relationship between the distance on the map and the real distance on the ground.
• Compass - shows the direction of places on a map. A good map should have the five key elements.
  

Importance of Maps include:

1. Locating the directions and position of places
2. Identifying the direction and position of places
3. Identifying our neighbours
4. Locating various physical features
5. Guiding tourists to their destination.

Map Interpretation

This referred to giving meaning to the features and symbols used on a map.
We use the key elements of a map to read and interpret maps. Symbols and signs helps us to identify the different features, areas and activities on a map e.g.
The presence of a quarry shows that mining is taking place in the area.

• Market - shows that trading activities is taking place in the area
• Game reserved - shows the presence of wild animals.
• A sawmill - shows that timber processing takes place in the area.
• Scrubland - shows that the area is dry.

Location, Position and Size of Kenya

Position of Kenya in relation to her neighbours
Kenya has several neighbouring countries. Kenya is surrounded by:

• Tanzania is to the south
• Uganda is to the west
• Ethiopia is to the north
• Somalia is to the east
• South Sudan is to the north west
• Indian ocean to the south east.

Ways in which Kenya maintains good relations with her neighbours.

1. Trade - Kenya exports and imports goods from her neighbours e.g. Bananas from Uganda.
2. Games and sports - kenya participates in games such as football, with her neighbours.
3. Ambassadors - Kenya has an ambassador in each of her neighbouring countries. These ambassadors represent Kenya in these countries.
4. Free movement of people from Kenya to her neighbours and from her neighbours to Kenya.
5. Use of common language - Kenya shares a common language (Kiswahili) with some of her neighbours, for example, Tanzania. This helps to maintain good relations.

The size of Kenya

Kenya covers an area of about 582, 646km square.
It is about 850 km from East to West and about 1025 km from North to South.

Main Physical Features In Kenya.

Physical features are natural things found on the earth's surface.
The physical features are divided into two main categories i.e. relief and drainage features.
Relief features are physical features that are seen above the surface of the earth.
Relief features include:

• Mountains
• Hills
•  Plains
• Valleys
• Plateaus

Drainage features are physical features that are associated with water. They include

• Swamps
• Rivers
• Lakes
• Oceans
• Dams

Weather and Climate in Kenya

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere of a place at a particular time. The weather of a place changes from time to time.
Elements of weather are the conditions of the atmosphere, they include:

• Rainfall - rain, supports the growth of vegetation.
• Wind - warm and moist winds bring rain
• Temperature - the hotness or coldness of a place
• Cloud cover - heavy cloud cover brings heavy rainfall

The weather conditions of a place can be observed, measured and recorded for a period of time. The recorded observations are used to calculate the average weather conditions of that place.

Climate - refers to the average weather conditions of a particular place over a long period of time. Climate can be described as wet, dry, hot, cold, warm or cool.

The characteristics of climatic regions in Kenya are:

1. Modified equatorial climate
   • Covers the coastal areas near Indian ocean and Lake Victoria.
   • Experiences heavy convectional rainfall 1000 mm - 1500 mm.
   • It has two rainy seasons - long and short rains.
   • The region receives convectional rainfall. This type of rainfall is formed by warm air which rises from the surface of the Indian Ocean or Lake Victoria.
   • Rainfall is well distributed throughout the year
   • Rainfall is affected by the winds blowing from the ocean to the coast.
   • Temperature range between 25°C - 30°C
   • The region is mainly hot and wet.
2. Modified tropical climate
   • Covers the Kenya highlands and parts of the Rift valley
   • The area receives rainfall throughout the year
   • Rainfall is between 1200 mm - 2000 mm
   • Low temperatures ranging between 18°C - 21°C
   • The region is mainly cools and wet
   • It is modified by the high altitude.
3. Mountain climate
   • The region covers areas with high mountains like Mount Kenya and Mount Elgon.
   • Experiences cool and wet conditions
   • The region is cold and wet
   • Temperatures range from 0°C - 15°C
   • High rainfall of between 1250mm and 2200 mm.
   • The region is characterized by two sides, the leeward side and the windward side.
   • The windward side receives relief rainfall and the leeward side is drier.
   • The climate is mainly influenced by altitude.
4. Tropical Climate
   • The region covers Kwale, taita and Narok areas
   • Experiences high temperatures
   • It has one rainy season
   • In some parts the dry season lasts up to five months
   • Rainfall of not above 1000mm per year.
5. Semi-desert climate
   
   • Covers areas in Northern, North-eastern and some parts of Eastern Kenya.
   • Temperatures are high during the day and low at night.
   • Experiences high temperatures which may rise to 38°C
   • Mainly hot and dry
   • Low rainfall of below 250mm per year
   • The sky is clear.
6. Desert Climate
   • Experienced in Chalbi and Taru deserts
   • Most of the months are dry causing droughts
   • High temperatures throughout the year - average 38°C
   • Clear skies
   • High daytime temperatures and low night temperatures.

The Built Environments

These are structures/environments that remind us of our history or where we have come from.
They include:

• Fort Jesus
• Tom mboya monument
• National museum of Kenya
• Jomo Kenyatta monument
• Nyayo monument

Importance of Historic Built Environments

• They remind us and teach us about our culture
• They are sources of employment for people who work there
• They attract tourists who bring money to our country
• They are sources of information for learning
• They allow us interact with other people when we visit them
• They are used as recreational areas for relaxation

Caring for Historic built Environments in our country

• Repair the destroyed parts of historic built environments
• Handle items in the historic environments with care
• Develop conservation messages and place them at historic built environments
• Educate other people on the importance of historic built environment.

• Patriotism
  • Ways of demonstrating patriotism
• African Socialism
  • Importance of African Socialism
• Democracy And Human Rights
  • Democracy
    • Main principles of democracy
  • Human Rights
    • Rights
    • Freedoms
    • Rights of people with special needs
    • Responsibility of persons with special needs
• Law Peace and Conflict Resolution
  • Factors that Promote Peace
  • Factors that Undermine Peace
  • Importance of Peace
• The Government of Kenya
  • Arms of The Governement
  • Elections
    • Functions of IEBC
    • The Civil Electoral Process in Kenya
    • Qualifications of a County Representative
    • The Electoral Process
    • How a County Representative May Lose His Civil Seat

Patriotism

• This is love for ones country
• It is an element of a good citizen
• A person who loves his country is called a patriot

Ways of demonstrating patriotism

1. Obeying the laws
2. Respecting other people and their property
3. Participating in elections
4. Offering services when called upon
5. Payment of taxes
6. Keeping the secrets of the countries
7. Not engaging in corruption
8. Talking good of our country
9. Being royal
10. Attending national celebrations
11. Giving support to other kenyans

African Socialism

• It is a national philosophy
• It was adopted in the year 1965
• Was introduced by Jomo Kenyatta and Tom Mboya
• It was established through the introduction of sessional paper no.10 of 1965
• It emphasizes the spirit of togetherness
• It aims at achieving political and economic development
• It encourages equal treatment
• People are encouraged to live in harmony

Importances of African Socialism

1. It promotes political democracy
2. It emphasizes equality of all
3. It urges people to respect others rights
4. Encourages the development of mutual responsibilities
5. It units all kenyans
6. It encourages equal distribution of wealth
7. vii. It encourages development in kenya

Democracy And Human Rights

Democracy

• It means majority rule
• In democracy majority of the people’s will is respected

Main principles of democracy

• Principles of democracy refers to rules that are generally acceptable in governance
• They include;
  1. Promotion of justice to all
  2. Promotion of equality before the law
  3. Promotion of freedom for all people
  4. Provision of equal opportunities for all citizens
  5. Recongnizing that power belongs to citizens
  6. Respect of people’s rights
  7. In democracy elections are valued

Human Rights

• These are freedoms and privileges entitled to all Kenyans
• They are in chapter four of the constitution
• The section in the constitution with the human rights is called the bill of rights

Rights

1. Right to life
2. Right to education
3. Right to information
4. Right to vote
5. Right to own property
6. Right to equality
7. Right to shelter
8. Right to food
9. Right to marry

Freedoms

• Ability to make choices or do things without being stopped by others
• They include;
  
  1. Freedom of worship
  2. Freedom of movement
  3. Freedom of assembly
  4. Freedom of association
  5. Freedom of expression
  6. Freedom from discrimination
  7. Freedom of speech

Rights of People With Special Needs

1. Right to access special education
2. Right to equal employment
3. Right to protected from discrimination
4. Right to access special equipments
5. Right to be represented in parliament
6. Right to equality before the law
7. Right to fair trial

Responsibility of Persons With Special Needs

1. They should be law abiding
2. Respect their leaders
3. They should not misuse their privaleges
4. They should not misuse their rights
5. They should take responsibilities to build the nation
6. Participating in elections
7. Take part in community projects
8. Being elected in leadership positions.

Law Peace and Conflict Resolution

Laws

• Rules guiding people to ensure peace and harmony

Peace

• A state of calmness when there is no war

Conflict resolution

• This is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement.

Factors that Promote Peace

1. Tolerance
2. Equal opportunities for all
3. Equal distribution of resources
4. Dialogue i.e discussing issues to bring understanding
5. Games and sports
6. Obeying the laws
7. Respecting others
8. Accountability of all people fairly
9. Listenning to the opinion of others

Factors that Undermine Peace

• These are things that result to a conflict
  1. Religious differences
  2. Political differences
  3. Civil wars
     Border disputes
  4. Unequal distribution of resources
  5. Robberies and cattle rustling.
  6. Uneployment
  7. Corruption
  8. Unequal application of the rule of law
  9. Intolerance
  10. Violation of people’s rights
  11. Tribalism and nepotism

Importance of Peace

1. Leads to development
2. Children are able to learn and go to school freely
3. Leads to effective governance
4. Tourism is developed
5. In a peaceful state people enjoy their rights and freedoms
6. Promotes good relations between people and country
7. Promotes businesses and investments
8. People can move freely to places within

The Government of Kenya

Arms of The Government

1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Judiciary

Elections

• Held after every five years
• Supervised by the IEBC – independent electoral and boundaries commission

Functions of IEBC

1. Register voters
2. Keeping and revising voters registers
3. Registering and clearing candidates for elections
4. Conducting of voters education
5. Establishing polling stations
6. Supervising of elections
7. Counting of votes and announcing results
8. Review the contituencies boundaries
9. Supervising and conducting a referendum
10. Recommends the creation of new constituencies
11. Appoints and trains officials to supervise elections
12. Determines the number each political party will niominate in the parliament
13. Sets the campaign period
14. Announces the election dates
15. Settles disputes related to nomination

The Civil Electoral Process in Kenya

• Carried out in a ward
• The head of a ward is the county represetative or the member of the county assembly
• County representatives are elected by the citizens

Qualifications of a County Representative

1. Must be a kenyan citizen
2. Must be 18years and above
3. Must be able to read and write in both english and kiswahili
4. Must be a registered voter
5. Must be a member of a party or an independent candidate
6. Must be of sound mind
7. Must be staying in the ward
8. Must be supported by atleast seven members of a ward
9. Must have an ID card
10. Must present his nomination papers to the returning officer
11. Must pay a nomination fee of 1000 to the IEBC

The Electoral Process

1. Dissolution of the county assembly
2. The speaker declares all the seats vacant
3. IEBC announces the election date
4. Political parties nominate their civil candidates
5. Candidates present nomination papers to the IEBC
6. IEBC announces the campaign period
7. IEBC organizes voting equipments and materials
8. IEBC appoints and trains election officials
9. Election materials are taken to polling stations
10. Voting is done from 6.00am to 5.00 pm on the day of election
11. Voting is done by the use of secret ballots
12. Counting of votes is done and witnessed by the observers and party representatives
13. Presiding officers announces results at the polling stations
14. All polling stations in the ward submit their counted votes to the returning officer and the winner is officially announced.

How a County Representative May Lose His Civil Seat

1. In case of death
2. Resignation from the seat
3. If declared bankrupt by a court of law
4. If civil election is nullified
5. If he is jailed for more than six months
6. Incase of a nominated county representative the IEBC may nullify the nomination
7. Incase one is declared insane
8. In case one looses his kenyan citizenship
9. Resignation or defecting from his/her party
10. If he misses 8 consecutive sittings in the county assembly.

• Traditional Forms of Government
  • The Buganda System of Government
    • Factors that led to the rise of Buganda Kingdom
    • Structure of the Government
    • Administrative Structure of the Kingdom
    • Functions of the Kabaka
  • The Government Among the Nyamwezi
    • Structure of Government
    • Duties of Ntemi
  • Role of Traditional Governments
• Early Visitors To Eastern Africa
  • Explorers
    • Vasco da gama
    • John speke
    • Henry Morton Stanley
  • Results of the coming of explorers
  • Traders
    • Seyyid said
      • Reasons why he transferred his capital to Zanzibar
    • William Mackinon
    • Carl Peters
  • Reasons for the coming of early visitors
  • Results of the coming of early visitors
• Establishment of Colonial Rule
  • Scramble And Partition of Eastern Africa
    • Reasons For The Scramble
    • The Process of Partioning of Eastern Africa
• Colonial Rule
  • Colonial Systems of Administration
    • British Colonial Administration in Kenya
      • British structure of administration
    • The German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika
  • Effects of colonial rule
    • Positive effects
    • Negative effects
  • African Response to Colonial Rule
    • Resistance
      • Kabaka Mwanga
      • The Hehe Rebellion
    • Collaboration
      • Kabaka Mutesa I
      • Laibon Lenana
• Struggle For Independence In Tanganyika
  • Life And Contributions Of Prominent Leaders in Eastern Africa
    • Haile selasie
      • Contributions
    • Julius Nyerere
      • Contributions
• Regional Cooperations
  • The East African Community
    • Objectives of EAC
    • Problems facing EAC
  • Inter-Governmental Authority on Development(IGAD)
    • Objectives of IGAD
    • Problems facing IGAD

Traditional Forms of Government

• In the pre-colonial periods aficans had well established governments through
  1. Kingdoms e.g.the wanga kingdom in kenya,buganda and bunyara in uganda
  2. Empires ruled by emporers in ethiopia
  3. Chiefdom ruled by powerful chiefs among nyamwezi in tanzania
  4. Council of elders among the ameru in kenya

The Buganda System of Government

• The Buganda Kingdom was situated to the south west of Lake Kyoga and North West of Lake Victoria
• The Buganda had a centralised type of government ruled by a king known as Kabaka
• The stories of origin of the Buganda kingdom conclude that it was founded by a person known as Kimera and Kintu

Factors that led to the rise of Buganda Kingdom

1. It was small and stable hence easy to rule
2. It was sorrounded by weak neighbours
3. Participation in the long distant trade
4. Enough food supply
5. Strong able ruler
6. Creation of a royal bodyguard to protect the king

Structure of the Government

• It was ruled by a king whose tittle was kabaka
• When the king died his son took over
• The kabaka was assisted by;
  1. Katikiro – prime minister
  2. Omulamuzi – chief justice
  3. Omuwanika – treasurer
• He was assisted by lukiiko(parliament)which made laws and discussed the budget

Administrative Structure of the Kingdom

• The Kingdom was divided into countries(district) called sazas ruled by ssaza chiefs
• Counties were divided into units called sub-counties or gombolola ruled by gombolola chiefs
• Sub-counties were divided into kitongole ruled by batangole chiefs
• Below the kitongole were villages ruled by miruka chiefs
• Clan heads called bataka assisted the king on matters relating to clan land

Functions of the Kabaka

1. Administrative. He was the head of government
2. Judicial. He settled major disputes
3. Religious. He acted as a demigod who linked the baganda and their God
4. Military. He was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces

The Government Among the Nyamwezi

• Nyamwezi are Bantus speakers in Tanzania
• The Nyamwezi lived in many independent groups ruled by chiefs known as ntemi
• The name Nyamwezi means people of the moon they came from the west the direction of the new moon.

Structure of Government

• The position of the nyamwezi chief was hereditary.
• Ntemi was assisted by five officials
  1. Mganwe – the ritual officer
  2. Mtwale – the army officer
  3. Mteko – assistant army officer
  4. Kikoma – the information officer
  5. Minule – the tax officer
• Council of elders among the nyamwezi was called wanyaphala
• The ntemi was chosen by a leadingheadman called mugabe
• Ntemi was also assisted by religious officials known as wanjikulu
• The most famous chiefs among the nyamwezi were
  
  1. Mirambo the chief of urambo
  2. Nyungu ya mawe the chief of ukimbu
• The mercenary soldiers among the nyamwezi was known as ruga ruga

Duties of Ntemi

1. He was the commander in chief
2. He administered the chiefdom
3. He made judgement on cases of murder
4. He controled trade between the arabs and his people
5. He chaired riligious ceremonies

Role of Traditional Governments

1. The leaders presided over social cultural and religious leaders
2. They maintained law and order
3. The stading armies protected the communities
4. They encouraged respect of authority
5. They settled disputes and conflicts among the people
6. They encouraged people to work hard to feed their families

Early Visitors To Eastern Africa

• The early visitors to eastern africa came from different parts of the world and at different times They include
  1. The traders
  2. The explorers
  3. The missionaries

Explorers

• An explorer is a person who travels to new places to find out more about those places
• Explorers first came to eastern africa in the 15th century
• They called africa the dark continent(little was known about Africa)
  
  Examples of explorers
  1. Vasco Da Gama
  2. Henry Morton Stanley
  3. Richard Burton
  4. Samuel Baker and his wife
  5. John Speke
  6. James Grant

Vasco Da Gama

• He was the first european explorer to come to eastern africa from portugal
• He arrived in mombasa in 1498
• He was looking for a sea route to india to enable the porguese trade with India directly
• Looking for a place along the coast where they would get fresh supplies of food and water
• Vasco da gama was not well received in Mombasa he moved to Malindi where he built a pillar called Vasco Da Gama pillar
• He visited countries like Mozambique

John Speke

• He was born in england in 1827
• He first came to africa in 1856
• He was a soldier
• He was sent by the royal geographical society in london to find the source of River Nile
• He discovered lake victoria and named it after queen of England
•  After meeting Kabaka Mutesa of the Buganda he was shown a fall and named it rippon falls
• He travelled along river nile to england through Egypt

Henry Morton Stanley

• He was a journalist by profession
• He was sent by royal geographical society to look for Dr.livingstone
• He arrived in Zanzibar in 1871
• He met Livingstone to the west of Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji but he refused to go back to England
• In 1874 Stanley sailed around Lake Victoria and confirmed it was the source of nile
• He visited the Buganda Kingdom and established friendly relations with Kabaka Mutesa I
• The protestants missionaries who were sent by the church missionary society arrived in Buganda in 1876
• The Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in 1879

N/B Henry Morton Stanley established that there was no relationship between River Nile ,Lake Tanganyika and River Lualaba

Results of the coming of explorers

1. The Portuguese exposed Africa resources to the rest of the world
2. They opened up Eastern Africa for the colonialists
3. Report Dr.Livingstone helped to stop slave trade

Traders

• They were the earliest visitors to Eastern Africa
• They included
  1. Persians from iran
  2. Greeks from Greece
  3. Romans from Rome
  4. Chinese from China
  5. Arabs from Arabia
• They came to find markets for their goods and aquire raw materials for their industries 
• The traders included ;
  1. Seyyid said
  2. William mackinon
  3. Carl peters

Seyyid said

• He was a ruler in oman arab
• He transfered his capital from oman to zanzibar in 1840

Reasons why he transferred his capital to Zanzibar

1. Unfavourable climatic conditions in oman(extremely hot)
2. He wanted to effectively control the coastal towns and trade
3. Zanzibars good climate and fertile soils
4. Zanzibar had a good harbour
5. Zanzibar was centrally placed
6. Escape stiff competition for leadership in oman
7. To increase trade along the coast Seyyid Said did the following
   1. Organised trade caravans with the purpose of having regular supplies of ivory and slaves
   2. He signed trade treaties with USA, britain and france
   3. He invited indians traders and money lenders called banyans

N/B said sayyid died in 1856.

William Mackinon

• He was a businessman from Scotland
• He owned the British India Team Navigation Company which carried out trading activities between India and the coast of Eastern Africa
• He founded the British East Africa Company in 1887
• It later changed to Imperial British East Africa Company
• To ensure full control of the colony the IBEAC;
  
  1. Maintain law and order in the colony
  2. Collected taxes
  3. Recruited administrators to assist in governance
• Under the company rule revolts from the africans were widespread
• The British government took over the colony in 1898 when IBEACO bacame bankrupt

Carl Peters

• He was a German sent by the society of German colonization
• The association wanted to get colonies for Germany
• He founded the German East African Company to support trading activities
• In 1888 the German government took over the colony after the GEACo ran out of funds
• The German East African company enabled German to acquire Tanganyika, Burundi and Rwanda

Reasons for the coming of early visitors

1. To trade with the people of the coast
2. To look for markets for their goods
3. The romans traders wanted to break arab monopoly of the coastal trade
4. To look for resources for their industries

Results of the coming of early visitors

1. They introduced new crops e.g.maize, pineapples and cassava
2. Missionaries introduced modern health facilities by building hospitals
3. Introduction of western education
4. Introduction of islamic and christianity in the region
5. Intermarriage of arabs and bantus gave rise to the swahili language and culture
6. Development of towns e.g.Mogadishu, Kismayu, Lamu, Malindi, Kilifi, Mombasa, Dar er Salaam, Bagamoyo, Lindi, Mtwara, and Zanzibar
7. Construction of tourist sites such as Fort Jesus and Vasco da Gama pillar
8. They undermined African Culture
9. They opened up Africa to the scrabble for colonies
10. Africans lost their lands and independence
11. Slave trade led to depopualation of some parts of east africa
12. Resulted to forced labour
13. It led to racial discrimination
14. African workers were underpaid

Establisment of Colonial Rule

Scramble And Partition of Eastern Africa

• Scramble refers to the way European countries rushed and competed to get colonies in Eastern Africa
• Partition was the orderly manner in which the Europeans divided Eastern Africa among themselves

Reasons For The Scramble

1. Europeans wanted to get raw materials for their industries
2. Wanted to get markets for their manufactured goods
3. The British wanted to control the coast of Eastern Africa so as to get Uganda and protect the source of River Nile
4. They wanted places to settle their surplus population
5. For their prestige or show how powerful they were
6. wanted to stop slave (missionaries)

The Process of Partioning of Eastern Africa

1. Tanganyika became a German protectorate
2. The Islands of Pemba and Zanzibar, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan and part of Somalia were part of British of protection
3. Italians were allowed to have Somaliland
4. The French took part of Somaliland(today Djibouti)
5. Ethiopia remained independent after defeating Italy in 1886 in the battle of Adowa

Colonial Rule

• After the partition the Germans took over the administration of Tanganyika from GEAC in 1892
• The british government also took over the administration of kenya in 1895 and uganda in 1894(british east africa protectorate)
• Initially the British Government appointed a commission and later a Governor to carry out administration of East African Protectorate
• The German Government also appointed a Governor to administer Tanganyika

Colonial Systems of Administration

British Colonial Administration in Kenya

• Kenya became a British East Africa protectorate in 1895
• It became a British colony in 1920
• The country was divided into provinces, districts, divisions and villages
• The colony was headed by a governor.
• Provinces, districts and divisions were administered by europeans officials
• Locations and villages were administered by chiefs, and headmen who were african
• The role of the chief was to
  1. Collect taxes
  2. Recruit labour to work in the settlers farms

British structure of administration

• Colonial secretary in britain
• Governor(representing british government)
• Provincial commissioner(PC)
• District commissioner (DC)
• District officer(DO)
• Chief
• Headman

The German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika

• Tanganyika came under German administration in 1888
• The German East Africa Company under the Carl Peters established Colonial Rule in Tanganyika
• The Company introduced taxes and tried to control trade at the coast
• The Arab traders led by Abushiri Bin Salim rebelled against the company(aAbushiri rebellion) in august 1888-1889
• The rebellion was crushed and Abushiri hanged
• In 1891 the German government took over the GEACo
• A governor was appointed who divided the country into provinces and districts.
• The akidas(chiefs)who were mainly arabs and swahili assisted in administration 
• The jumbes were headmen who were very harsh and cruel to the Africans
• In 1905-1907 the Africans revolted against the German rule led by Kinjiketile ngware in what they called maji maji rebellion
•  After the rebillion a new governor was appointed(Rechenberg)who made the following changes;
  
  1. He reduced the number of Africans working in the European farms
  2. Africans were allowed to grow cash crops
  3. He encouraged construction of roads
  4. He encouraged provision of education and use of swahili as a national language
  5. He replaced the Arabs and Swahili akidas and jumbes with educated africans

N/B German rule over Tanganyika came to an end after the first World War in 1918.Tanganyika was placed as a trust territory to the British by the league of nations. Rwanda and urundi were taken over by the belgium and became Rwanda and Burundi.

Effects of colonial rule

Positive effects

1. Led to growth of towns
2. Introduction of formal education
3. Introduction of new crops
4. Development and improvement of transport and communication
5. Colonial rule led to the abolishment of slave trade
6. It led to the rise and growth of nationalism

Negative effects

1. Loss of independence
2. Division of communities
3. Over-exploitation of natural resources
4. Mistreatment of africans
5. Neglect of craft industries
6. Loss of land
7. Loss of african culture
8. Creation of political boundaries separated communities
9. Loss of life and destruction of properties

African Response to Colonial Rule

• This refers to the way africans bahaved or reacted when europeans established their rule over them.
• Some africans leaders led their communities in welcoming the Europeans in their territories collaboration
• Others opposed colonial rule in their territories(resisted)

Resistance 

• Kabaka Mwanga
  
  • He succeeded his father Kabaka Mutesa I as a King in 1884
  • He bacame the king at the youthful age of eighteen
  • Mwanga reduced the influence of Christians by asking them to renounce their faith
  • Mwanga ordered for the killing of Christians who refused to renounce their faith
  • In 1885 Mwanga ordered for the killing of Bishop Hannington of the Cirus
    
    Reasons for the Mwangas Resistance
    
    1. He feared being conquered from the East according to the prophecy
    2. He feared that the christians converts would no longer be loyal to him
    3. He realized that missionaries in Buganda were becoming too strong to be controlled
    4. Warnings from the Arabs about the increasing number of Europeans
       
       
• The Hehe Rebellion
  
  • It was led by Chief Mkwawa of the hehe between 1891-1898(Mkwawa means conquerer of many lands)
  • In the attack the hehe warriors killed 300 Germans soldiers in 1891 in the battle of Lugalo
  • In 1894 the German attacked Mkwawa's headquarters at Kalenga but mkwawa escaped
  • In 1898 Germans cornered him but he commited suicide rather than be captured alive
  • The Germans chopped off his head and sent it to Germany to be kept in the museum

Collaboration

1. Kabaka Mutesa I
   • He ruled buganda between 1856-1884
   • In 1877-1879
   • He welcomed church missionaries society and the Roman Catholic missionaries
     
     Reasons for collaboration
     1. Wanted to check the spread of the Bunyoro kingdom
     2. Wanted to protect his kingdom from external attacks
     3. He respected the Europeans because of their knowledge and skills
     4. He feared the influence of muslims in the kingdom
     5. He greatly admired the medicines and presents that the Europeans came with
        
        
2. Laibon Lenana
   
   • He was the son of the great Laibon Mbatian who died in 1890
   • Mbatian had two sons Lenana and Senteu who competed for leadership
   • Lenana bacame the leader of the Maasai living in the north of Kenya- Tanzania border
     
     Reasons for collaboration
     1. He wanted British support against his brother
     2. Wanted support from the British who raided the Agikuyu
     3. He wanted help from the British because of the famine that had occured in his area
        
        Results of lenana collaboration
        1. He was recognised as a paramount chief
        2. He was rewarded with cattle for his co-operation
        3. The railway was built through maasai land without trouble
        4. Maasai morans used to raid communities who opposed the construction of the railway.
        5. Oloibon lenana signed two agreements with the British
           
           1. Anglo Maasai treaty of 1904
           2. 2nd Anglo Maasai treaty of 1911
        6. These treaties caused the communities to lose their land and independence

Struggle For Independence In Tanganyika

• German rule in tanganyika ended in 1918 when it lost in the 1st World War
• In 1919, The League of Nations took over Tanganyika and gave it to the British a trust territory
• Tanganyika became a British colony in 1920
• In 1922 the Tanganyika territory African Civil Servants Associates was founded
• In 1924 Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association was formed to address the farmers problems
• In 1929 Tanganyika African Association was founded to demand for better jobs and more African to the legco
• In 1945 Nyerere became an official of TAA while still a Student in Makerere University College
• In 1954 TAA changed its name to Tanganyika African National Union with Nyerere as the president and Oscar Kambina as secretary general.
• Nyerere was nominated to the legco in 1954
• In 1956 the Europeans founded the United Tanganyika Party UTP to oppose TANU
• In the 1958 legco elections TANU won all the seats
• In 1960 elections were held and TANU won 70 out of the 71 seats Nyerere bacame the cheif minster as Tanganyika was granted self government
• In December 1961 Tanganyika was granted full independence with Nyerere as first prime minister.
• In 1964 Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania
• Nyerere became the president and Sheikh Abeid Karume the deputy president

Life And Contributions Of Prominent Leaders in Eastern Africa

Haile selasie

• Haile selasie was born in 1892 in Harar, Ethiopia.
• His real name was Ras Tafari Mackonen
• Ras means prince
• He was a cousin to Menelik II
• Before he was crowned the emperor, he ruled Ethiopia as a regent
• A regent is a person who rules in place of a king who is either sick or too young
• Mackonen was helping Zaiduti who had become empress(Menelik’s young daughter)after the death of her father.
• In 1930 Mackonen was crowned the emperor and got a throne name Haile Selasie which means power of trinity

Contributions

1. He set up private schools to modernize education.
2. He introduced a new constition in ethiopia
3. He trained his army in France and equiped them with modern weapons
4. He brought American experts to advice on national development issues
5. He helped to abolish the ownership of slaves
6. He organised his government into ministries
7. He resisted Italian invasion in Ethiopia.
8. He was a founder member of Organisation of African Unity in may 1963 at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
9. NB haile selasie died in 1975

Julius Nyerere

• He was born in 1922 in Butian village in Musoma district of Tanzania
• He was trained as a teacher in Makerere University in Uganda
• After returning from England in 1953, he became the president of TAA.
• He founded TANU in 1954

Contributions

1. He became the chief minister in 1960
2. In 1961 he led the people of Tanganyika to independence. He became the first prime minister of Tanganyika in 1961
3. In 1964 they merged Tanganyika and Zanzibar to the United Republic of Tanzania with Nyerere as its first president
4. Through his efforts TANU and ASP merged to form Chama Cha Mapinduzi.
5. In 1967 Nyerere together with the leaders of Kenya and Uganda established the East African Community.
6. Took part in the liberation of some African countries still under colonial rule e.g.mozambique, angola, zimbabwe and namibia
7. He organised his people into villages called ujamaa villages where people shared facilities provided by the government
8.  He was a founder member of OAU.
9. He improved formal education
10. He campaigned for world peace and a reduction of dangerous weapons. Nyerere was rewarded the beyond war award in 1985
11. He helped liberalise Uganda from the brutal rule of Idi Amin in 1979
12. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere retired voluntarily as a president of Tanzania in 1986

NB Mwalimu Julius Nyerere died in 1999 after suffering from lukeimea at the age of 77yrs 

Regional Cooperations

• Regional cooperation is the act of countries working together with a common objectives
• Examples
  1. East african community(EAC)
  2. Inter-government authority on development (IGAD)

The East African Community

• EAC was formed in June 1967 by three heads of state of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
• It had its headquaretrs in Arusha, Tanzania
• It collapsed in 1977
• In 1993 the heads of states revived the cooperation as East African Co-operation
• In 1999 it was transformed to East African Community
• The new EAC started its operations in july 2000
• The headquarters are still in Arusha, Tanzania

Objectives of EAC

1. Promotes a wider markets for goods
2. Reduce or remove trade barriers like taxes
3. Promote common services like transport, communication , education, health and security
4. Promotes science, research and technology.
5. Promotes peace, security and political stability in the region
6. Promotes free movement of people in the region

Member countries

• Kenya
• Uganda
• Tanzania
• Rwanda
• Burundi
• Rwanda and Burundi joined the organisation in 2008

Problems facing EAC

1. Production of similar items of trade
2. Lack of a common currency
3. Poor means of transport and communication
4. High taxes
5. Political instability
6. Mistrust among the leaders
7. The emergence of other regional bodies
8. Lack of enough funds

Inter-Governmental Authority on Development(IGAD)

• It was formerly formed as inter-government authority on drought and development (IGADD) in 1986
• Its objective was to check the spread of deserts in the horn of Africa
• In order to deal with other challenges facing the member countries IGADD changed its name to IGAD in 1992

Objectives of IGAD

1. Establish peace and security in the region
2. Promote food security
3. Promote inter-regional trade
4. Improve transport and communication facilities
5. Encourage the conservation and preservation of the environment
6. To eradicate poverty
7. Rehabilitate destroyed infrastructure and displaced people

Member countries of IGAD

• Somalia
• Sudan
• Uganda
• Kenya
• Ethiopia
• Djibouti
• Eritrea

Problems facing IGAD

1. Political instability due to civil wars
2. Lack of enough funds
3. Misunderstanding among the member states
4. Lack of a central government in Somalia that makes it difficult for IGAD to carry out its programmes
5. Religious differences between muslims and christians
6. Lack of primary health care and HIV and Aids PANDEMICS
7. Lack of trust and confidence among member states
8. Cultural beliefs that do not promote women’s welfare
9. Low levels of literacy due to inadequate educational facilities and teachers
10. Contributions from the member states do not get the secretarial on time therefore delaying its programmes
    
    

• Physical Environment
• The Countries of Eastern Africa
  • Position And Size of The Countries of Eastern Africa
• Latitudes And Longitudes
  • Latitudes
    • Characteristics of latitudes
  • Longitudes
    • Characteristics of longitudes
  • Use of latitude and longitudes to locate places
• Map interpretation
  • Interpreting human activities
  • Interpreting drainage features
  • Interpretating settlement
  • Interpreting administration in the area
• Physical Features
  • Relief Physical Features
    • Mountains
    • Plateaus
    • Plains
    • Lakes
    • Rivers
    • Swamps
  • Formation of mountains
    • Formation of Block mountains
    • Formation of volcanic mountains
  • Formation of the Rift Valley
  • Formation of lakes
    • Earth movement processes
    • Volcanic Processes
    • Erosion process
    • River Action
    • Human-made lakes
  • Relief Regions of Eastern Africa
    • The coastal plains and lowlands
    • The plateaus
    • Highlands and mountains
    • The Rift valley
    • Victoria Basin

Physical Environment

• The physical environment is what is found around us

The Countries of Eastern Africa

• Eastern africa is the region located in the eastern region of africa.
• It is made up of eleven independent countries namel
  1. Sudan
  2. Ethiopia
  3. Tanzania
  4. Somalia
  5. South Sudan
  6. Kenya
  7. Uganda
  8. Eritrea
  9. Burundi
  10. Rwanda
  11. Djibouti
• Sudan is the largest country in eastern africa
• South Sudan became independent in JULY 2011
• Djibouti is the smallest country in Eastern Africa
• Countries without a coastline are called landlocked e.g
  • B - Burundi
  • U - uganda
  • R - rwanda
  • E - ethiopia
  • S – south sudan

Position And Size of The Countries of Eastern Africa

• Eastern africa lies within latitudes 22 ºN AND 12 ºS and between longitudes 22 ºE and 51 ºE/52 ºE.
  

  COUNTRY	SIZE
  Sudan	1.886 million km²
  Ethiopia	1.104 million km²
  Tanzania	945,087 km²
  Somalia	637,657 km²
  South sudan	644,329 km²
  Kenya	580,367 km²
  Uganda	241,037 km²
  Eritrea	117,600 km²
  Burundi	27,834 km²
  Rwanda	26,338 km²
  Djibouti	23,200 km²

Latitudes And Longitudes

Latitudes

• These are imaginary lines that runs from west to east
• They are also called parallels
• The main line of latitude is equator at 0º
• Equator divides the earth into two equal halves called hemisphere.

Characteristics of latitudes

1. They are parallel
2. They are of different lengths
3. They affect climate
4. They are measured in degrees from the equator
5. They are 180 lines of latitudes in total

Other important lines of latitudes are;

1. The tropic of cancer 231/2 ̊ N
2. The artic circle 66 ½ ̊ N
3. The tropic of capricorn 231/2 S
4. The antartic circle 661/2 ̊ S

Longitudes

• These are imaginary lines that run from north pole to south pole of the earth
• They are also called meridians or horizontals
• Main line of longitude is greenwich meridian at 0 ̊
•  Greenwich meridian is also called prime meridian
• Prime meridian passes through the greenwich town in london and accra in ghana

Characteristics of longitudes

1. They run from north to south
2. They are not parallel
3. They meet at the polesthey affect time
4. They are of the same length
5. They are measured in degrees east por west of prime meridian
6. They are 360 ̊ lines of longitudes in total.

Use of latitude and longitudes to locate places

• They are used to give positions of places on the earth’s surface
• Latitudes locates a place either to the north or south
• Longitudes locates a place either to the west or east

Map interpretation

• A map is a representation of the whole or part of the earth’s surface
• Is a drawing on a flat surface to represent information on the real ground
• Map interpretation is the process of giving meaning to the features shown on a map
• To interpret/understand the map, we must study the main elements namely;frame , key, compass, scale and title

1. Frame - It shows the border line of the area covered by the map
2. Title - It is also called the heading of a map .It shows the name of the area covered by the map
3. Key - It contains the symbol and their meaning. It is the main element of a map
4. Scale - Is the relationship between distances on a map and the actual distances on the ground. Is normally presented as a straight line that is divided into several equal divisions
5. Compass directions - They are used to tell the direction of an object from another on a map

Interpreting human activities

• Human activities include
  1. Keeping livestock
  2. Crop farming
  3. Mining
  4. Trade
  5. Forestry
  6. Tourism
  7. Transpotation
  8. Lumbering
     
     

     Economic activity	Evidence
     Dairy farming	Creameries, dairy farms, cattle dip
     Beef farming	Ranches, slaughter houses
     Cash crop	Tea, coffee,pyrethrum, sisal, cotton
     Mining	Quarry, murram pits, mining company
     Trade	Markets, shops,towns, urban centers
     Lumbering	Saw mills
     Tourism	Game parks/reserves, museum,tourist resorts
     Forestry	Forests
     Fishing	Fish ponds,fishing villages, fish traps, fish processing
     Transportation	Roads,railways,airstrips

Interpreting drainage features

• These include rivers,lakes, oceans, dams, boreholes, swamps
• Permanent rivers are shown by a continous blue line
• Seasonal rivers are shown by an identend/broken, blue line.
• Blue colour is used to show waterbodies

Interpreting settlement

• These are people living areas
• They are shown by the use of small black dots
• Settlement patterns include;
• Linear settlement along thr roads, railway lines and rivers
• Nucleted/clustered settlement where people settle at one point in the map

Interpreting administration in the area

• Administrative features include boundaries for location, divisions, districts, county,constituency and world boundaries.presence of offices e.g.chiefs camp, district officer’s offices, disrict commissioner’s office, county commissioner’s office, county governor’s office.

Physical Features

• Are things that occur naturally on the earth’s surface
• They include:
  • Mountains
  • Valleys
  • Plateaus
  • Ocean
  • Seas
  • Gorges
  • Plains
  • Lakes
  • Rivers
  • Swamps
  • Hills, rangers

Relief Physical Features

Mountains

Plateaus

• Plateaus are the largest relief features in Eastern Africa
  
  

Plains

• Are low lying areas of almost flat land

Lakes

• A lake is a water body that is surrounded by land
• A hollow/depression filled with water
• We have
  1. Fresh water lakes
  2. Salty water lakes
• Lake victoria is the largest lake in Eastern Africa and second in the world
• Lake Tanganyika is the longest lake in Eastern Africa and second deepest in the world
• Lakes may either be natural or man-made lake.

Rivers

• A river is a continuous channel of flowing water
• We have permanent and seasonal rivers
• River Nile is the longest river in eastern africa
• Some rivers drain their water into;indian ocean, lake victoria, other lakes, mediterranean sea

Swamps

• A swamp is an area covered with soft mud and some vegetation
• Vegetation found in swamps is papyrus reeds

Formation of mountains

• Eastern africa has two types of mountains namely
  • Block mountains
  •  Volcanic mountains

Formation of Block mountains

• They are also called hurst mountains
• They were formed through faulting and uplifting process
• Faults are lines of weakness. Faults were developed as a result of forces acting on the layers of the earth.
• The forces involved are tensional and compressional forces
• The middle block was pushed upward by underground forces
• The underground forces are called upthrust force

Exercise:

Draw the diagram on pg 16 our lives today bk 6

Examples of block mountains

• D – Danakil alps in ethiopia
• A – aberdare ranges in kenya
• M – mau ranges in kenya
• P – pare mountains in tanzania
• U – usambara mountains in tanzania
• R – ruwenzoris mountains in DRC/uganda

Formation of volcanic mountains

• They are also called volcanoes
• They are formed through the process of volcanicity/eruption
• Eruption is when the hot molten material underground is forced out by great pressure
• The hot molten material is called magma
• When magma gets to the surface is called lava
• The magma gets out through a main pipe called vent
• The opening at the top of a volcanic mountain is called a crater
• Most mountains in eastern africa are volcaning mountains
• There are three types of volcanoes namely;
  • Active
  • Dormant
  • Extinct

Examples of volcanic mountains in eastern africa

Formation of the Rift Valley

• Was formed through the faulting process
• Formed by either tensional or compressional forces
• When two parallel faults developed the tensional forces pullsthe rocks apart
• The middle block between the faults sink
• The steep sides of a rift valley are called escarpments
• Features found on the floor of the firt valley include
  • Volcanic mountains
  • Rivers
  • Fault lakes

Exercise:

Draw diagram on pg 18 our lives today bk 6

Formation of Lakes

• Lakes are huge depressions on the earth’s surface that have filled with water.
• Lakes were formed in different ways namely
  • Earth processes
  • Volcanic processes
  • Erosion processes
  • River action
  • Human made lakes

Earth Movement Processes

1. Fault lakes
2. Downwraping lakes

1. Fault lakes
   • They are also called rift valley lakes
   • They were formed through faulting and sinking process
   • They are usually long and have steep side
   • They are usually deep
   • They are found on the floor of the rift valley
   • They include chala, abaya, chamo, stephanie, turkana, baringo, bogoria, nakuru, elemeitaita, naivasha, magdi, natron, eyasi, manyara, rukwa, malawi, tanganyika, kivu, edward,albert.
2. Downwarping lakes
   • Are also called depression lakes
   • They are usually shallow
   • Formed when parts of the earth warped downwards and the sorrounding areas warped upwards They include
     • Vi – victoria
     • Ba - bangweull
     • Cha - chad
     • Kyo - kyoga

Volcanic Processes

1. Crater lakes
2. Lava-dammed lakes

1. Crater lakes
   • They are formed when water collects in a volcanic crater
   • They include l.chad, jipe, paradise, shala, kalwe, nyungu,ngozi.
2. Lava-dammed lakes
   • They are formed when lava flow blocks a river valley
   • They include;l.tana, bunyonyi, kivu, mutanda, ruhondo

Erosion process

• They are formed when a moving ice on high mountains erodes the sides of the mountain thus creating depression. Depressions created are called tarns/corriel/cotque
• These lakes are also called glacial lakes
• They include lakes on mountains

River Action

• They are also called deposition lakes or ox-bow lakes
• They are formed in the old stages of a river
• At the stage rivers form numerous mmeanders
• Due to continued erosion and deposition the water cuts off the meander
• They include;
  • Kanyaboli along r.yala
  • Utange along r.rufiji
  • Bilisia along r.tana
  • Shakababo along r.tana
  • Gambi along r. Tana

Human-made lakes

• They are also called artificial lakes
• They are formed when a huge wall is built across rivers
• Water collects behind the wall forming a big artificial lake
• They include;
  • Masinga along r.tana
  • Kiambere along r.tana
  • Kamburu along r.tana
  • Gitaru along r.tana
  • Merowe along r.tana
  • Nalubaale along r.tana

Exercise: Test yourself on pg 20-21 our lives today bk 6

Relief Regions of Eastern Africa

• Relief refers to how high or low an area is from the sea level
• Relief regions are areas where physical features have been grouped according to their height above sea level
• astern africa is divided into five relief regions namely.
  • The coastal plains and lowlands
  • The plateaus
  •  The highlands and mountains
  • The rift valley
  • The lake victoria basin

The coastal plains and lowlands

• Are low-lying strips of land that border
  • The red sea
  • The gulf of aden
  •  The indian ocean
• They lie between 0 – 200m a.s.l
• They are narrow toeards the south
• They are wide towards the north, Widest part in somalia

The plateaus

• They lie between the coastal plains and the highlands
• They lie between 300m-2080m a.s.l
• Are the largest relief regions
• We have
  • Low lying plateau
  • High lying plateau

Low lying plateaus

• They lie between 400m-1000m a.s.l.
• They are immediately after the coastal plains
• This region is also known as the nyika plateau

High lying plateau

• They lie between 1000m-2000m a.s.l.
• Small scattered hills that have resisted erosion are found near inselbergs

Highlands and mountains

• They generally lie above 2000m a.s.l.
• Highlands are densely populated due t
  • Fertile soils
  • Favourable climate
• Mt. Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain at 5895m
• Examples of highlands are;
  • Western highlands of uganda
  • Ethiopian highlands
  • Kenyan highlands
  • North-eastern highlands of tanzania

The Rift Valley

• It was formed through faulting and sinking process
• A valley is a low lying area between two raised grounds
• Begins in jordan in the middle east and ends at beira in mozambique
• In eastern africa the valley is divided into;
  • Ethiopian rift valley
  •  Eastern rift valley
  • Western rift valley

Ethiopian rift valley

• Starts from the red sea and evtends down to l.turkana
• Runs through ethiopia to kenya

Eastern rift valley

• Runs from L.Turkana through Kenya down to Tanzania then North of L.Malawi

Western rift valley

• Runs from north of L.Malawi Tanzania,Uganda,DRC border to L.Albert Lake

Victoria Basin

• It lies between the eastern and western section of the rift valley.
• Was formed through downwarping process
• It lies between 1000m-1500m a.s.l
• Is the source of river nile
• Is densely populated due to
  • Fertile soil
  • Favourable climate i.e.adequate rainfall

Exercise on pg 23-24 our lives today bk 6

• The Constitution of Kenya
• Parliamentary Electroral Process in Kenya
  • Role of Citizens in the Electoral Process
  • Importances of Participating in Elections
• Responsibility of the Government to its Citizen

CONTITUTION is a set of rules or values agreed upon by a people which governs relationships within
the group

The Constitution of Kenya

It is divided into several elements(chapters)

1. Sovereignity of the people and supremacy of the constitution
2. The republic
   • A sovereign republic
   • Devolution
   • National and official languages
   • Religion
   • National symbols and national holidays
   • National values and principles of governance
   • culture
3. citizenship
   • by birth
   • by registration
   • by dual citizenship
4. the rights and freedoms of individuals (bills of rights)
5. use and control of land and environment
   • public land
   • communal land
   • private land
6. leadership and integrity
7. representation of the people
8. the legislature
9. the executive
10. the judiciary
11. devolved government
12. income and use of government money
13. the public service
14. the national security
15. commissions and independent offices
16. reviewing of the constitution
17. general guidalines

new constitution shall be implemented after promulgation(official announcement by the president
importances of the constitution of kenya

1. guides kenyan society on how to live peace
2. ouline rights and freedom of citizen
3. guides how the government should be organized
4. guides how conflicts should be resolved
5. guides how government should relate with other countries
6. guides how public land and finances should be handled

Parliamentary Electroral Process in Kenya

1. dissolution of parliament by parliament
2. IEBC announces election dates
3. Nomination of candidates by the political parties
4. IEBC announces dates for election campaigns
5. Printing of ballot papers(polling papers) and other election materials
6. Education of voters
7. Appointment of election officials
8. Voting day – takes place at the polling stations. Illiterate voters are assisted by clerks
9. Counting of the votes presiding officer announces results at polling stations
10. Complaints concerning the results may make an application in court

Activity state qualification for a candidate for a member of parliament

How one may lose a parliamentary seat

1. Imprisoned for more than six months
2. Declared bankrupt by a court of law
3. If member resigns from the party that sponsored him to parliament
4. If one commited election offence
5. If he/she is of unsound mind
6. If one proved he/she is not a kenyan citizen
7. If one misses eight consecutive sittings in parliament without informing the speaker
8. If one is elected the speaker

Role of Citizens in the Electoral Process

1. Participate in elections
2. Electing responsible leaders
3. Ensure leaders do not misuse powers
4. Ensure leaders make decisions and perform according to the wishes of people
5. Promoting free and fair elections
6. Evaluating performance of the leaders

Importances of Participating in Elections

1. Gives opportunity to elect candidates of their choice
2. Help to choose type of government
3. People are given chance to decide on an issue affecting the country
4. Elect leaders who provide good services
5. Enable to change our leaders

Responsibility of the Government to its Citizen

1. Maintaining peace, law and order
2. Promoting welfare and social services
3. Encouraging unity
4. Making laws and enforcing them
5. Initiating development projects
6. Maintainance of good relations with other countries
7. Protecting rights of people
8. Protecting people against external enemies